Two Case Reports of Elastolytic Giant Cell Granuloma on the Palms

Abstract

Elastolytic giant cell granuloma (EGCG) is a rare granulomatous reaction hypothesized to occur because of the altered antigenicity of elastic fibers, resulting in cellular immunological reactions. The hallmarks of EGCG include elastolysis, elastophagocytosis, and multinucleated giant cell infiltrations. EGCG was first described as an actinic granuloma or annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma that classically presents as centrifugally expanding annular plaques on sun-exposed areas. It was recently named EGCG due to reports of non-annular lesions in various sun-protected areas. Hand involvement has been described but is almost exclusively confined to the dorsal and lateral aspects of the hands. Herein, we report two cases of EGCG on the palms, an unusual site of presentation, that were successfully treated with topical, high-potency corticosteroids. EGCG should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of annular skin lesions located on the marginal area of the palms.

Keywords:

• actinic granuloma
• collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hands
• elastophagocytosis
• granuloma annulare
• paraneoplastic syndrome
• autoimmunity

Introduction

Elastolytic giant cell granuloma (EGCG) is a rare granulomatous skin disorder of unknown etiology.¹ It was first described as actinic granuloma or annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG), characterized by annular erythematous plaques on sun-exposed areas.^2,3 Hallmark histologic findings of EGCG include elastolysis and elastophagocytosis with multinucleated giant cell infiltration.⁴ Over the years, many cases of non-annular lesions, including papular, giant, reticular, generalized, and mixed types, have been reported. Many of these cases occurred in sun-protected areas, thus they were later referred to as EGCG or giant cell elastolytic granuloma.¹ Two cases of unusual EGCG of the palms are presented in this report.

Case Report

Case 1

A 75-year-old male, with diabetes mellitus (DM) with a hemoglobin A1C of 6.58%, dyslipidemia, and osteoporosis visited our dermatology clinic for the evaluation of an asymptomatic rash along the margins of both palms for 2 months. He denied any history of trauma, sun, or heat exposure. Dermatological examination revealed multiple erythematous papules and plaques with subtle scales on the margins of both palms (Figure 1). The clinical differential diagnosis includes granuloma annulare (GA), annular leukocytoclastic vasculitis, sarcoidosis, and secondary syphilis.

Figure 1 (A and B) A 75-year-old male with multiple erythematous papules and plaques on the margins of both hands.

A skin biopsy of the lesion on his right palm was done to confirm the diagnosis, which revealed nodular infiltration of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and multinucleated giant cells with elastophagocytosis (Figure 2A and B). Conspicuous degenerated and fragmented elastic fibers stained by Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) were observed in the upper dermis, as opposed to diminished elastic fibers within the granulomatous area (Figure 2C and D). Alcian blue pH 2.5 showed negative staining correlated with the absence of mucin deposition. In addition, haphazardly arranged thickened collagen bundles, some perpendicular to the epidermis, were also observed. A significant improvement was observed after 1 month of treatment with 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream twice daily, and clinical remission was observed for 1 year after cessation.

Figure 2 Histopathology: (A) Nodular infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells with haphazardly arranged thickened collagen in the dermis (Hematoxylin and Eosin, x100). (B) Presence of elastophagocytosis (Hematoxylin and Eosin, x400). (C and D) Increase in fragmented elastic fibers with elastophagocytosis (red arrow) in the upper dermis but decrease in elastic fibers within the granulomatous area (Verhoeff-Van Gieson, x100 and x400 original magnification).

Case 2

A 68-year-old male with dyslipidemia, pituitary adenoma, and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) visited the dermatology clinic for an asymptomatic red-brown rash on his palms for 2 weeks. Dermatological examination revealed multiple erythematous to brownish papules and plaques on the margins of both palms (Figure 3). Histological examination and VVG staining showed findings similar to those in case 1, consisting of granulomatous inflammation, elastolysis, elastophagocytosis, and thickened degenerate collagen (Figure 4A–D). Mucin staining was negative with Alcian blue pH 2.5. Improvements in color and texture were observed after the application of topical 0.05% clobetasol propionate twice daily for 2 weeks, and clinical remission was observed for 11 months after cessation.

Figure 3 A 68-year-old male with erythematous to brownish annular papules and plaques on the margins of both hands.

Figure 4 Histopathology: (A) Granulomatous inflammation and thickened degenerative collagen (Hematoxylin and Eosin, x100). (B) Presence of elastophagocytosis (Hematoxylin and Eosin, x400). (C and D) Increase in fragmented elastic fibers with elastophagocytosis (red arrow) in the upper dermis but decrease in elastic fibers within the granulomatous area (Verhoeff-Van Gieson, x100 and x400 original magnification).

Discussion

EGCG, or actinic granuloma, was first reported by O’Brien in 1975 as annular erythematous papules and plaques with a raised border and a slightly atrophic, hypopigmented center. Sun-exposed areas, such as the face, neck, upper trunk, and arms are frequently involved.² It occurs mainly in fair-skinned middle-aged females and is mostly asymptomatic.¹ The involvement of sun-protected areas has also been observed in several studies.^5,6 Qian et al recently published 105 cases of EGCG, 72.4% of these cases had lesions limited to the sun-exposed areas. Some of them (20.9%) had lesions on both sun-exposed and sun-protected areas, while a minority (6.7%) of patients exhibited lesions exclusively on the sun-protected areas.¹ In these studies, hand involvement was also documented but entirely occurred on the dorsal sun-exposed surface.

The etiology and pathogenesis of EGCG are not well characterized. Current findings indicate that elastic fibers are essential in the pathogenesis of EGCG, and studies have shown that areas devoid of elastic fibers, such as burn scars or striae distensae, are not involved in EGCG.^7,8 Environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation and heat, or host factors, such as vascular damage, systemic diseases, or internal malignancies, are all hypothesized to alter the antigenicity of elastic fibers. This shift in antigenicity may trigger a cascade of cellular immune responses, which ultimately results in a granulomatous reaction, elastolysis, and elastophagocytosis.⁹ Both of our cases had lesions occurring in the sun-protected area without obvious environmental triggers. In terms of host factors, both our cases had underlying dyslipidemia, which was also found in a few cases of EGCG.^1,6,10 Although the correlation and pathomechanism of dyslipidemia and EGCG have not been elucidated, several systemic disorders, such as DM, alcoholic liver diseases, systemic amyloidosis, temporal arteritis, and protoporphyria, have been reported to be associated with EGCG.¹ It was hypothesized that unstable metabolic status and vasculopathy may contribute to elastic fiber’s architectural damage.⁶ Apart from dyslipidemia, case 1 has also had DM for 10 years, which has been postulated to be a possible causative factor of EGCG. Aso et al highlighted that 37% of Japanese patients with EGCG have definite or latent DM. The proposed underlying mechanism includes the high serum glucose concentration inciting elastic fiber structural damage and inflammation.¹¹ However, our patient’s diabetes condition was relatively well controlled, with a hemoglobin A1C of 6.58%. In fact, if DM were the cause of the patient’s EGCG, a high serum glucose concentration might not be the only possible explanation for the pathomechanism of EGCG. The idea of EGCG as a paraneoplastic condition has also been widely discussed. EGCG has been reported in patients with both hematogenous malignancies, including adult T-cell leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and solid malignancies such as prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil, esophageal carcinoma, and bronchial carcinoma.^1,12–16 Among these cases, one reported EGCG having disease activity parallel with the patients’ underlying malignancy.¹⁴ Case 2 had biopsy-proven BPH with a normalized level of prostate-specific antigen for 6 years before the occurrence of EGCG. Reevaluation of the prostate after diagnosis with EGCG showed no evidence of malignant potential. Although there have been no previous reports of pituitary gland tumors in EGCG and the patient’s pituitary adenoma was completely removed 8 years prior to the onset of EGCG, long-term follow-up is essential to determine the association between the pituitary tumor and EGCG in this patient.

The histopathology of both cases was consistent with that of previous cases of EGCG.¹ Interestingly, thickened, degenerated collagen bundles were observed in our cases. Qian et al recently described EGCG as exhibiting several histological patterns. With regard to diseases that occur on the lateral margins of the hands, elastorrhexis and degenerate collagen bundles are also found in collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hands (CEMPH), a rare entity that often presents as a linear depressed band appearing symmetrically on the hands of the elderly.^17,18 However, CEMPH was reported to contain a relatively acellular dermis without giant cells or any other significant inflammation. Elastophagocytosis was also not a feature of CEMPH.¹⁹ The overlapping clinical and histological features of these two entities in both of our patients raise the possibility that EGCG may occur as a secondary process to CEMPH. As the elastic fibers undergo the degenerative processes observed in CEMPH, their antigenicity may also undergo alteration and trigger the inflammatory reactions observed in EGCG. Another entity that can present clinically as papules and plaques on the hands and histologically as granulomas with degenerated collagen is GA. However, mucin deposition is an important hallmark of GA.²⁰ The absence of mucin in both cases makes a GA diagnosis unlikely. A comparison of the clinicopathological characteristics of GA, CEMPH, and EGCG is shown in Table 1.^10,18,19

Table 1 Comparison of Clinicopathological Characteristics of Granuloma Annulare, Collagenous and Elastotic Marginal Plaques of the Hands, and Elastolytic Giant Cell Granuloma

	GA	CEMPH	EGCG
Age of onset	<30 years	40–80 years	50–70 years
Clinical features	Group of papules coalescing into annular plaques ± central atrophy and raised border	Bilateral and symmetrical hyperkeratotic linear plaques	Well demarcated annular or polycyclic papules and plaques with raise border and central atrophy
	Sites: mostly on acral, extensor aspects of extremities	Sites: along the radial and ulnar sides of the hands	Sites: face, neck, forearms and sites of chronic sun-exposure
Histopathology	Inflammation: palisading granuloma	Inflammation: none	Inflammation: non-palisading granuloma composed of histiocytes, multinucleated giant cells and lymphocytes
	Collagen: necrobiosis	Collagen: degenerated and thickened collagen bundles, haphazard arrangement	Collagen: rare necrobiosis, no degenerated thickened collagen
	Mucin: positive	Mucin: negative	Mucin: negative
	Elastin: mild elastolysis	Elastin: degenerated fragmented and non-fragmented fiber ± solar elastosis	Elastin: elastolysis and elastophagocytosis in the upper dermis, absent elastolysis in the central lesion and increase elastolysis in granulomatous area

Abbreviations: CEMPH, Collagenous and elastotic marginal plaques of the hands; EGCG, Elastolytic giant cell granuloma; GA, Granuloma annulare.

Treatment with EGCG is often not required because the lesions are benign and asymptomatic. Spontaneous remission over months to years has been documented.^1,21 Nevertheless, several forms of treatment have been reported with varying results, including hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine, topical, intralesional, and systemic corticosteroids, cryotherapy, methotrexate, isotretinoin, acitretin, pentoxifylline, retinoid with psoralen plus ultraviolet A, pulsed dye laser, and fractionated carbon dioxide laser.^1,21–23 Both of our cases responded well to topical high-potency corticosteroids without any additional treatment. However, this deduction of the efficacy of the corticosteroids in these patients has some limitations due to the possibility of spontaneous resolution, which has also been characterized in EGCG.^1,21 Additionally, this study lacks long-term follow-up to assess the possibility of recurrence and the possible disease association, which may occur much later in the disease course.

Conclusion

We report two cases of unusual Elastolytic giant cell granuloma (EGCG) with palmar involvement that were readily responsive to topical high-potency corticosteroids. This information broadens our understanding of EGCG and helps clinicians better characterize this rare disease. In cases without obvious external factors, investigation for underlying metabolic, autoimmune, and inflammatory conditions may be warranted.

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

The patients provided written informed consent for case details and accompanying images to be published. Institutional approval was not required to publish the case details.

Disclosure

The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.

Additional information

Funding

The authors received no financial support for this research.