Staphylococcus aureus Induced Wound Infections Which Antimicrobial Resistance, Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant: Assessment of Emergence and Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background

Wound infection is a prevalent concern in the medical field, being is a multi-step process involving several biological processes. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) infections often occur in areas of damaged skin, such as abrasions and open wounds.

Methods

This research aims to light the incidence of MRSA and VRSA in wound swabs, the antimicrobial susceptibility configuration of isolated S. aureus patterns in pus/wound samples collected from Saudi Arabian tertiary hospital. The cross section study, β- lactamase detection, VRSA genotyping, MAR index, D-test and VRSA genotyping are methods, which used for completed this research.

Results

Patients of several ages and genders delivered specimens from two hospitals in the Al jouf area, in the northern province of Saudi Arabia. S. aureus was found in 188 (34.7%) of the 542 wounds. The traumatized wounds provided 71 isolates (38.8%), surgical wound provided 49 isolates (26.8%) and abscess were represented 16 by isolates (8.7%). In the study, 123 (65.4%) out of 188 were MRSA, 60 (31.9%) were MSSA, and five (2.7%) were VRSA. Linezolid and rifampin were found to be the most effective antimicrobials with 100% in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus isolates. The Multiple antimicrobials resistance (MAR) index revealed 73 isolates (38.9%) with a MAR index greater than 0.2, and 115 (61.1%) less than 0.2. The D-test showed that of MLS_b phenotypes among S. aureus, 22 (11.7%) strains were D-test positive (MLSb_i phenotype), 53 (28.2%) strains were constitutive MLS_c phenotypes, and 17 (9%) strains were shown to have MSb phenotypes. All VRSA isolates (n=5) were found to be positive for vanA, and no vanB positive isolates were detected in the study.

Conclusion

Regular monitoring and an antimicrobials stewardship program should be in place to provide critical information that can be utilized for empirical therapy and future prevention strategies.

Keywords:

• methicillin
• vancomycin
• resistant
• Staphylococcus aureus
• emergence
• virulent
• wound infection
• MAR index
• D-test
• tertiary hospital
• Saudi Arabia

Data Sharing Statement

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee, Jouf University (Ethical Approval No. 3-04-43) and Research Ethics Committee, Qurayyat Health Affairs, Registered with NCBE, Reg NO: H-13-S-071; Saudi Arabia (Project No. 111). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Additionally, informed written consents from guardians or parents and assents from each study participants under 15 years were obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The confidentiality of study participant was kept and identification of study participant by name was avoided.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests in this work.

Additional information

Funding

This research work was funded by Institutional Fund Projects under grant no. (IFPIP: 614-140-1443). The authors gratefully acknowledge technical and financial support provided by the Ministry of Education and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabi.