Recent Advances on the Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Trials of Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism is a condition that includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It is the third most common cardiovascular disease behind acute coronary heart disease and stroke. Over the past few years, growing research suggests that venous thrombosis is also related to the immune system and inflammatory factors have been confirmed to be involved in venous thrombosis. The role of inflammation and inflammation-related biomarkers in cerebrovascular thrombotic disease is the subject of ongoing debate. P-selectin leads to platelet-monocyte aggregation and stimulates vascular inflammation and thrombosis. The dysregulation of miRNAs has also been reported in venous thrombosis, suggesting the involvement of miRNAs in the progression of venous thrombosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a crucial component of the plasminogen-plasmin system, and elevated levels of PAI-1 in conjunction with advanced age are significant risk factors for thrombosis. In addition, it has been showed that one of the ways that neutrophils promote venous thrombosis is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In recent years, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the occurrence and development of VTE has been continuously revealed. With the advancement of research technology, the complex regulatory role of EVs on the coagulation process has been gradually discovered. However, our understanding of the causes and consequences of these changes in venous thrombosis is still limited. Therefore, we review our current understanding the molecular mechanisms of venous thrombosis and the related clinical trials, which is crucial for the future treatment of venous thrombosis.

Keywords:

• venous thromboembolism
• miRNA
• neutrophil extracellular traps
• plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
• EVs
• inflammatory factor

Data Sharing Statement

The authors declare that the submitted data is available. This paper does not contain any other individual or collective published or written works data except those specifically annotated and cited in the paper.

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We declare that all authors agreed to publish the manuscript at this journal based and followed publication ethics.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no known competing commercial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University “Clinical Medicine+” CnTech Co-construction Platform (no. CLP2021B004), the Discipline Construction Project of Guangdong Medical University (no.4SG21279P), the Discipline Construction Project of Guangdong Medical University (no. 4SG21276P), the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province Regional Joint Fund Project (The Key Project) (no. 2020B1515120021), Zhanjiang city science and technology development special fund competitive allocation project (no. 2020A01037), and basic and applied basic research funding committee of Guangdong province, China (no. 2023A1515010798), and the open projects of the key laboratory of human genetic disease research of Inner Mongolia (no. YC202201).