Calisthenics: Epidemiology of Injury Patterns and Their Risk Factors

Abstract

Objective

To quantify the prevalence and nature of injuries and their risk factors in calisthenics to, therefore, inform the practitioner what to expect from these athletes.

Methods

This study was an online cross-sectional survey of calisthenics athletes. Data were collected online and the survey was distributed via social media over six months in 2020. The purpose-built survey consisted of demographic, training and loading questions. Participants were provided with an injury definition and reported their total number of injuries sustained during calisthenics including detailed information on three most significant injuries, along with mechanism of injury and risk factors. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine objective factors associated with the number of injuries.

Results

There were 543 participants describing 1104 injuries. Mean (standard deviation (SD)) injury prevalence was 4.5 (3.3) per person. Of these injuries, 820 (74.3%) required training modification or treatment. Participants missed a mean (SD) 3.4 (5.1) weeks of training and engaged in a mean (SD) 10.9 (9.1) health professional consultations. The most common injuries were upper leg (24.5%), ankle/foot (22.8%) and lumbar spine (19.3%), with the majority being sprains/strains in nature (56.3%). Mechanism of injury included elevated work (27.6%), overuse (38.0%) and specific calisthenics skills (38.9%) – such as lumbar (40.6%) and lower limb (40.3%) extension-based movements. Subjective risk factors included load (66.8%), preparation (55.9%) and environmental factors (21.0%). Objective risk factors associated with higher numbers of injuries included increased years of participation, left leg dominance, increased training hours (regardless of training type) and state team participation (p<0.05).

Conclusion

Practitioners need to be aware that calisthenics athletes demonstrate a high proportion of strain/sprain injuries involving the lower limb and lumbar spine with causative movements being extension-based. Addressing risk factors such as loading, preparation, asymmetry, and the environment related to these movements are important for the treating practitioner.

Keywords:

• sport injury
• injury epidemiology
• calisthenics
• dancing
• gymnastics
• ballet
• risk factors
• injury prevention

Abbreviations

ACF, Australian Calisthenics Federation; CHERRIES, Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys; URL, Uniform Resource Locator; QR, Quick Response; SEM, Sports and Exercise Medicine.

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

Ethics approval was given via Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee, Victoria, Australia (Approval Number: 23859). All participants provided online informed consent via a check box, or where the participant was under 18, parents provided online informed consent and supported survey completion. This study was performed in accordance to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for Publication

Authors confirm this manuscript and Supplementary Material has been reviewed and provide consent to publication of its contents. The authors confirm the person featured in Figure 3 provided informed consent for publication and reproduction of their image.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge support with data collection from The Australian Calisthenics Federation, Calisthenics Victoria Incorporated, Calisthenics Association of South Australia, Calisthenics Association of Western Australia, Northern Territory Calisthenics Association, Calisthenics Association of Queensland Incorporated, Calisthenics New South Wales and Calisthenics Australian Capital Territory.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.