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Notes
1 bell hooks, Black Looks: Race and Representation (Boston: South End Press, 1992), 115.
2 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 194.
3 In his book, The Right to Look: A Counterhistory of Visuality (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011), Mirzoeff argues that the right to look is not about seeing. Rather it is a claim to a political subjectivity and collectivity.
4 hooks, Black Looks, 116.
5 The white gaze can be interpreted as the position of the assumed white viewer or reader as the norm. Another way of conceiving of the white gaze is as the dominance of whiteness and white-centered norms over perception.
6 Jacques Lacan, Seminar XI: The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978).
7 Tina Campt, Image Matters (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012).
8 Deana Lawson (b. 1979), Kahlil Joseph (b. 1981), Arthur Jafa, Okwui Okpokwasili (b. 1972), Dawoud Bey (b. 1953), Simone Leigh (b. 1967), Madeleine Hunt-Ehrlich (b. 1987), Luke Willis Thompson (b. 1988), and Jenn Nkiru (b. 1987).
9 Kahlil Joseph, dir. Until the Quiet Comes (2013), video, 4 min.; Kahlil Joseph, dir. Fly Paper (2017), video, 23 min.; Kahlil Joseph, dir., Wildcat (2013), 7 min.
10 Arthur Jafa, dir., Crystal & Nick Siegfried (2017), video, 3 min 5 sec.; Arthur Jafa, dir. Sharifa Walks (2015), video, 4 min 18 sec; Arthur Jafa, dir., Love Is the Message, The Message Is Death (2016), video, 7 min 25 sec.
11 Tina Campt, Listening to Images (Durham: Duke University Press, 2017).
12 Dawoud Bey, dir., 9.15.63 (2013) video, 11 min 25 sec.
13 Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, April 19–August 4, 2019.
14 Madeleine Hunt-Ehrlich, dir., Spit on the Broom (2019), video, 12 min.
15 Christina Sharpe, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016).
16 Defined as Black, Indigenous, and people of color.
17 See Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011).
18 Isaac Julien, dir., Baltimore (2003), video, 11 min.
19 See Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Richard Philcox (New York: Grove, 2004); Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
20 Chuck Morse, “Capitalism, Marxism, and the Black radical tradition: An interview with Cedric Robinson,” Perspectives on Anarchist Theory, 3, no. 1 (Spring 1999): 8.
21 Sharpe, 2016; Saidiya Hartman, Wayward Lives, Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Social Upheaval (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2019); Kevin Quashie, Black Aliveness, or a Poetics of Being (Durham, NC: Duke, 2021); Badia Ahad-Legardy, Afro-Nostalgia: Feeling Good in Contemporary Black Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021).
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crystal am nelson
CRYSTAL AM NELSON is an assistant professor in art and art history at University of Colorado, Boulder [Department of Art and Art History, 318 University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309].