Phase separation and physico-chemical variables of triton X-100 and cephradine monohydrate drug mixture: investigation of the impacts of nature of electrolytes and compositions

Abstract

Herein, the phase separation of triton X-100 (TNX-100) and cephradine monohydrate (CPM) drug (a first-generation cephalosporin family drug) mixture was studied in aqueous and in various aq. electrolytes (Na and K-based salts) media. As compared to the water environment, TNX 100 + CPM system demonstrated lower magnitudes of CP values in electrolytes solution. The outcomes exhibited dwindling CP values are: MCl < M₂CO₃< M₂SO₄; (M = Na, K). Moreover, the $\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_c^0$ (enthalpy change), $\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_c^0$ (free energy change) and $\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_c^0$ (entropy change), compensation temperature ($T_c$) and intrinsic enthalpy gain $(\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_c^{0,\ast })$ were also computed in the circumstances of TNX 100 + CPM mixture in water and aq. electrolytes media. The values of $\mathrm{\Delta }{G}_c^0$ were obtained to be positive demonstrating the non-spontaneity of the process. The $\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_c^0$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_c^0$ values were positive in aq. medium and negative in aq. salts solutions where the magnitudes $\mathrm{\Delta }{H}_c^0$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }{S}_c^0$ values decreased with the growing contents of TNX 100/salts. The results suggest that the interaction forces between TNX 100 and CPM in a water environment are hydrophobic in nature with π–π interactions whereas in aq. salts media the recommended forces are hydrophobic and exothermic forces along with π–π interactions.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• TNX 100
• cephradine monohydrate
• electrolytes
• phase separation
• thermodynamics

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Additional information

Funding

This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project Number [RSPD2023R766] King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Md. Masud Alam would like to acknowledge Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh for providing financial support (Year 2021) to carry out a part of the research work.