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International Interactions
Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations
Volume 50, 2024 - Issue 2
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Research Articles

Affinity or effectiveness? Donors’ preferences for bypass aid

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Pages 243-272 | Received 19 May 2023, Accepted 24 Jan 2024, Published online: 20 Feb 2024
 

Abstract

Western donors have progressively increased the amount of foreign aid allocated through bypass channels, particularly for recipients with weak domestic institutions. Rather than giving money directly to recipient governments, aid is given to non-governmental organizations working on the ground in those countries. Explanations for this shift range from increased donor attention to effectiveness, a desire to deliver assistance directly to those in need, and enhanced legitimacy by working with local civil society partners. Donors, however, face a trade-off when deciding whether or not to allocate aid through bypass channels. Because bypass aid is not given directly to the recipient government, the donor has less leverage to prop up friendly regimes or buy policy concessions. We argue that as donors balance competing motivations, geo-strategic incentives can, at times, trump concerns regarding best practices of poverty alleviation. Using data on bypass aid from 2004 to 2019, we find that donor’s commitment to good governance is ameliorated in strategically important recipient states. Strategic partners who improve their domestic governance are rewarded with less bypass aid (more government-to-government aid) at higher rates than less strategic recipients. These results highlight potential limitations of the good governance movement in foreign aid.

Los donantes occidentales han aumentado progresivamente la cantidad de ayuda extranjera asignada a través de canales de derivación, sobre todo para aquellos receptores que cuentan con instituciones nacionales débiles. En lugar de dar dinero de forma directa a los Gobiernos receptores, la ayuda se da a las organizaciones no gubernamentales que trabajan sobre el terreno en esos países. Las explicaciones a este cambio comprenden: una mayor atención de los donantes con respecto a la eficacia, el deseo de prestar asistencia directamente a los necesitados y una mayor legitimidad mediante el trabajo con los asociados locales de la sociedad civil. Sin embargo, los donantes se enfrentan a una disyuntiva a la hora de decidir si asignan o no la ayuda a través de los canales de derivación. Debido a que esta ayuda derivada no se entrega directamente al Gobierno receptor, el donante tiene menos influencia para apuntalar regímenes amistosos o para comprar concesiones políticas. Argumentamos que, a medida que los donantes equilibran las motivaciones contrapuestas, los incentivos geoestratégicos pueden, a veces, superar las preocupaciones en materia de las mejores prácticas de alivio de la pobreza. Concluimos, mediante el uso de datos sobre la ayuda derivada llevada a cabo entre 2004 y 2019, que el compromiso de los donantes con la buena gobernanza mejora en aquellos Estados receptores de importancia estratégica. Los socios estratégicos que mejoran su gobernanza interna son recompensados con menos ayuda derivada (más ayuda de Gobierno a Gobierno) a tasas más altas que los receptores menos estratégicos. Estos resultados ponen de relieve las posibles limitaciones del movimiento de buena gobernanza en el ámbito de la ayuda exterior.

Les donateurs occidentaux ont progressivement augmenté le montant des aides étrangères attribuées en contournant le gouvernement, notamment pour les bénéficiaires aux faibles institutions nationales. Plutôt que de donner directement l’argent aux gouvernements bénéficiaires, l’aide est donnée à des organisations non gouvernementales qui agissent sur le terrain dans ces pays. On explique aussi bien ce changement par une attention accrue à l’efficacité de la part des donateurs, par un désir d’apporter l’assistance directement aux personnes en ayant besoin et par l’augmentation de la légitimité conférée par le travail avec des partenaires de la société civile locale. Cependant, les donateurs sont confrontés à un compromis quand ils doivent décider s’ils attribuent leurs aides en contournant le gouvernement ou non. S’ils choisissent de contourner le gouvernement, ils auront moins de poids pour soutenir des régimes amis ou obtenir des concessions politiques. Nous affirmons que lorsque les donateurs soupèsent des motivations contradictoires, les incitations géostratégiques peuvent, par moment, prendre le dessus sur les inquiétudes relatives aux bonnes pratiques en matière de réduction de la pauvreté. À l’aide de données sur les aides attribuées en contournant le gouvernement entre 2004 et 2019, nous observons que l’engagement des donateurs en faveur d’une bonne gouvernance s’améliore dans les États bénéficiaires d’importance stratégique. Les partenaires stratégiques qui améliorent leur gouvernance nationale sont récompensés par davantage d’attributions directes d’aides (de gouvernement à gouvernement) plus fréquentes que les bénéficiaires moins stratégiques. Ces résultats mettent en lumière des limites potentielles du mouvement de bonne gouvernance en matière d’aide étrangère.

Notes

1 This term indicates development assistance channeled through (and implemented through) recipient government institutions

2 Bermeo (Citation2017) highlights another shift in aid practices whereby donors may be more selective about the economic sectors they target for assistance. As shows, donors may also be making strategic or at least selective choices about the sectors where bypass aid is targeted.

3 Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act

4 For a review of the literature see Carter and Stone (Citation2015).

5 The temporal sample is defined by data availability, which limits our ability to test our argument across the full range of strategic interests in the post-WWII era.

6 See Appendix A for the distribution of aid across implementation channels. The “other” category is unidentifiable in the CRS database so we do not code it as bypass aid.

7 Results are robust to controlling for year-fixed effects. See Appendix B.

8 Corruption control, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, and rule of law.

9 The State Fragility Index comes from Marshall and Elzinga-Marshall (Citation2020) and the Fragile States Index is taken from Fund for Peace (Citation2020). The results with the Fragile States Index point to an additional positive effect of alliances on bypass aid, which is counter to our expectations.

10 Major powers are considered the United States, The United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan. Sweden, Norway, and Finland represent the Scandinavian donors.

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