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Notes
1 Although British, Australian, Canadian, Dutch, and German churches also influenced the formation of Korean Christianity, their impacts are incompatible with the US impacts since the majority of missionaries and theological education institutes where missionaries and Koreans studied are based in the US.
2 Chang-Bok Chung, Theology of Worship (Seoul: Presbyterian College & Theological Seminary Press, 1999), 38. A Methodist missionary Edward Poitras also shares a similar reflection on the US impact on Korean worship. Edward W. Poitras, “Ten Thousand Tongues Sing: Worship among Methodists in Korea,” in The Sunday Service of the Methodists-Twentieth-century Worship in Worldwide Methodism, ed. Karen B. Westerfield Tucker (Nashville: Kingswood Books, 1996), 195.
3 C.A. Clark, The Work of the Pastor (Mokheohak) (Seoul: Presbyterian Publication Fund, 1925), 94–194.
4 Clark, The Work of a Pastor, 113, 119.
5 Dong-soo Kim, Introduction to Worship (Seoul: Christian Literature Society of Korea, 1967), 311.
6 Chang-bok Chung, Introduction to Worship (Seoul: Jongro Books, 1985), 119–52.
7 Raymond Abba, Principles of Christian Worship, trans. Kyung Sam Huh (Seoul: Christian Literature Society of Korea, 1974); Franklin M. Segler, Christian Worship: Its Theology and Practice, trans. Chin Hwang Chung (Seoul: Jordan Press, 1979); Robert G. Rayburn, O Come, Let Us Worship, trans. Dal-Saeng Kim and Kyu-Bong Kang (Seoul: Sung Kwang Publishing Co., 1982); Robert E. Webber, Worship Old and New [in Korean: History and Theology of Worship], trans. Chang-bok Chung (Seoul: Korean Presbyterian Press, 1988); James F. White, Introduction to Christian Worship, trans. Sang-mahn Park (Seoul: Jonah Press, 1994).
8 While the United Hymnal (1983) includes only seventeen Korean hymns composed or written by Koreans among its 558 hymns, the 21st Century Hymnal has 128 hymns by Koreans among the 645 hymns. In the United Hymnal, only three of those seventeen Korean hymns use Korean traditional rhythm, while about 80 percent of hymns in it are from the US or England. For the details, see Ahn Deok-Weon, “Incorporating Inculturated Music in the Korean Church from a Liturgical Perspective: Challenges, Examples, and Future Prospects with Suggestions,” Korea Presbyterian Journal of Theology 52, no. 4 (2020): 226.
9 Keun-Won Park, Worship Today (Seoul: Christian Literature Society of Korea, 1992), 180.
10 Ki-hyun Kim, Worship and Life of Korean Church (Seoul: Yangseogak, 1984), 8.
11 Michael N. Jagessar and Stephen Burns, Christian Worship: Postcolonial Perspective (Sheffield: Equinox, 2011), 29–39.
12 Cláudio Carvalhaes, “Liturgy and Postcolonialism: An Introduction,” in Liturgy in Postcolonial Perspectives: Only One Is Holy, ed. Cláudio Carvalhaes (New York: Palgrave Mamillan, 2015), 7.
13 Anscar J. Chupunco, Liturgical Inculturation: Sacramentals, Religiosity, and Catechesis (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992), 13–31.
14 For the detailed discussion about naming of God in Korea, see Sung-Deuk Oak, The Making of Korean Christianity: Protestant Encounters with Korean Religions, 1876-1915 (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2013), 33–84; Sung-Deuk Oak, “Competing Chinese Names for God: The Chinese Term Question and Its Influence Upon Korea,” Journal of Korean Religions 3, no. 2 (2012), 89–115.
15 Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London/New York: Routledge, 1994), 86–91, 112, and 119–21.
16 Sung-Mo Moon, “Koreanization of Worship: Focusing on Music,” in Korean Culture and Worship, ed. Korean Society of Culture Theology (Seoul: Haandle Publishing, 1999), 53.
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Jaewoong Jung
Jaewoong Jung is assistant professor of homiletics, Seoul Theological University, Bucheon, South Korea. His publications include a recent contribution to the journal Interpretation (2022).