A Dog Accompanying a Man Makes Social Threatening Contexts Less Aversive and Enhances Perceived Safety Regardless of Societal Safety Levels

ABSTRACT

Research shows that the inclusion of a dog in pictures showing a man in threatening scenarios improves women’s emotional reactions to them. However, the magnitude of this “dog-accompanying effect” (i.e., whether the inclusion of a dog renders socially threatening scenes less aversive, neutral, or positive) in societies differing in terms of safety remains unknown. To address this, undergraduate women from societies differing in safety levels (lower [Colombia, n = 120] and higher [Spain, n = 131] safety levels) provided valence, arousal, dominance, and safety ratings to images depicting a man alone or with a dog in threatening scenes, as well as to images of pleasant and neutral social scenes. The same response pattern was found in both countries: when viewing images of a dog accompanying a man, women gave lower valence, dominance, safety, and calmness ratings than when viewing images of neutral scenes. Conversely, women gave higher valence, dominance, safety, and calmness ratings when observing images of a dog accompanying a man compared with images showing the man alone in threatening scenes. Overall, these data indicate that a dog’s presence in pictures buffered negative emotional reactions to photos of threatening social scenes in societal contexts differing in safety levels, but still (slightly) activated the defensive motivational system. The slight activation of the defensive motivational system is interpreted as an adaptative response of the person to reduce or avoid potential harm (e.g., a hypothetical attack by the man). Our study provides a deeper understanding of the influence of dogs on women’s emotional reactions to images of threatening scenes by clarifying the magnitude of the dog effect in societies differing in safety levels.

KEYWORDS:

• Dogs
• emotional reactivity
• human–animal interaction
• sense of safety
• threatening social scenes

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the canine actors, Baloo, Miga (RIP), and Cateyano. We also express our gratitude to the people who were involved in the process of creating the pictures: Jesús Delgado, Rafael Martos, Mª Isabel Delgado, Jonatán Ordóñez, Miriam Lanzas, Antonio J. Godino, Mª Teresa Martínez, Roberto Martín, and Claudia Cuevas. In addition, the authors thank the Colombian and Spanish undergraduate students who participated in the study, as well as Mª Cristina Andrade and Cristian Steven Cabezas for their contributions to data collection.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Notes

1 The Global Peace Index (GPI) is produced by the Institute for Economics and Peace and is made up of 23 qualitative and quantitative indicators from highly respected sources, including both factors that are internal to a country and others that are external to it. The GPI’s indicators measure peace across three domains: the level of societal safety and security, the extent of ongoing domestic and international conflict, and the degree of militarization. The GPI is the world’s leading index of national peacefulness, providing the most comprehensive data-driven analysis of trends in peace, economic value, and how to develop peaceful societies.

2 The experiment was conducted using E-prime 2.0 (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Sharpsburg, PA, USA; https://pstnet.com/).