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Notes
1 Sid Mordaunt, phone conversation with author (October 29, 2021).
2 Mutulu Shakur, discussion with People’s Video Network, Atlanta, GA (March 26, 1998), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FApkBXm4A3A (December 26, 2021).
3 According to Ferguson, his membership in the Muslim Mosque Incorporated was “without fuss or fanfare” since he was an employee of the New York city public schools. See Iyaluua Ferguson with Herman Ferguson, An Unlikely Warrior-Herman Ferguson: Evolution of the Black Nationalist Revolutionary (Holly Springs, NC: Ferguson-Swan, 2011), 130.
4 For details on Herman Ferguson’s revolutionary nationalist organizing in South Jamaica, please read Ferguson, An Unlikely Warrior.
5 Mutulu Shakur quoted in Ibid., 190.
6 Max Stanford was the National Chairman of RAM and particularly identified on J. Edgar Hoover’s “Black Nationalist Hate Group” memo—a key document in identifying the prioritizing of political repression and counterinsurgency against the Black Power movement.
7 Ferguson, An Unlikely Warrior, 190–1.
8 Shakur interview with People’s Video Network.
9 Sonny Carson (aka Mwlina Imiri Abubadika) was the Chairman of Brooklyn chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and in 1967 broke with the national organization to form independent CORE with a more radical and militant political agenda. After leaving national CORE, Abubadika formed his own organization, the School of Common Sense.
10 Chui Ferguson interview; Mutulu Shakur correspondence with author (May 29, 2021).
11 Herman Ferguson quoted in Ferguson, Unlikely Warrior, 203.
12 Ibid.
13 Shakur interview with People’s Video Network.
14 Ibid.
15 Rhody McCoy, interviewed in “Black Parents Take Control, Teachers Strike Back,” NPR (February 12, 2020), https://www.npr.org/transcripts/803382499
16 Anonymous Republic of New Afrika citizen quoted in Christian Davenport, How Social Movements Die: Repression and Demobilization of the Republic of New Africa (New York: Cambridge University, 2015), 199.
17 Ibid., 95, 195.
18 Ibid., 215.
19 Mutulu Shakur, Notes on the National Task Force for Cointelpro Litigation and Research (n.d.).
20 Ibid.
21 Imari Obadele, Free the Land (Washington, DC: The House of Songhay, 1987), 36.
22 Mutulu Shakur notes on NTFCLR.
23 Chaka Fuller would be mysteriously murdered after the acquittal, which his movement comrades believed to be a retaliatory assassination by Detroit police.
24 Shakur interview with People’s Video Network.
25 Davenport, How Social Movements Die, 211–12.
26 Her birth name was Mary Yuriko Nakahara. She married Bill Kochiyama in 1946. Please see the biography of Yuri Kochiyama by Diane C. Fujino, The Revolutionary Life of Yuri Kochiyama: Heartbeat of Struggle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2005).
27 Chui Ferguson-El, conversation with author (telephone) (March 24, 2021).
28 Mutulu Shakur, conversation with author, Victorville, California (June 17, 2012); Kamau Sadiki, conversation with author (November 27, 2003), Atlanta, GA.
29 The Panther 21 open letter proclaimed the Weathermen as part of the vanguard of the revolutionary movement inside the United States and was critical of the national BPP leadership. The insurgent resistance of the Weather Underground was contrasted with the perspective of Panther 21 reflect the views of many members who believed it was necessary to respond to state repression by strengthening the armed resistance capacity of the BPP, not abandoning it. Rod Such, “Newton Expels Panthers,” Guardian (February 1971), Vol. 20, No. 21, 4; E. Tani and Kae Sera, False Nationalism, False Internationalism (Chicago: A Seeds Beneath the Snow Publication, 1985), 209; Akinyele O. Umoja, “Set Our Warriors Free: The Legacy of the Black Panther Party and Political Prisoners” in Black Panther Party Reconsidered, ed. Jones, 421–22. The Panther 21 open letter was printed in the East Village Other, a local underground newspaper. It appeared in the January 19, 1971 issue.
30 Dr. Mutulu Shakur, conversation with author (May 21, 2021); Mutulu Shakur notes on the National Task Force for Cointelpro Litigation and Research.
31 Mutulu Shakur, National Cointelpro Litigation and Research Notes (n.d.); Mutulu Shakur, quoted in Diane C. Fujino, The Revolutionary Life of Yuri Kochiyama: Heartbeat of Struggle (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2005), 182–3. Shakur and PGRNA worker Ibidun Sundiata were key participants of the NCDPP.
32 Geronimo ji Jaga speech at Pasadena City College, October 1997, Freedom Archives.
33 Akinyele Umoja, “Repression Breeds Resistance, Liberation, Imagination, and the Black Panther Party,” New Political Science 21, no. 2: 140.
34 Shakur, Notes on NTFCLR.
35 Mutulu and Afeni Shakur began a relationship in the early 1970s and married in 1975. Their household was composed of Afeni’s son Tupac (born in 1971) and their daughter Sekyiwa (born in 1975).
36 Malcolm X was assassinated at the Audubon Ballroom 13 years prior. This event was the first time Black Liberation movement forces used the facility since his assassination.
37 Yaasmyn Fula, Spirit of an Outlaw: The Untold Story of Tupac Shakur and Yaki “Khadafi” Fula (Los Angeles, CA: Bearded Dragon, 2020), 28.
38 “National Task Force for Cointelpro Litigation and Research,” 1978, http://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC510_scans/COINTELPRO/510.COINTELPRO.NationalTaskforceCOINTELPRO.statement.pdf (accessed December 31, 2021).
39 Nobuko Miyamoto, Not Your Butterfly: My Love Song of Relocation, Race and Revolution (Oakland, CA: University of California, 2021), 269.
40 “Lincoln Detox-The People’s Program,” (flier) Freedom Archives (accessed April 22, 2021).
41 Eana Meng, “Mutulu Shakur and the Lincoln Detox Center,” Of Part and Parcel (February 20, 2020), https://www.ofpartandparcel.com/blog-2/dr-mutulu-shakur-and-the-lincoln-detox-center (accessed November 12, 2021); Nobuko Miyamoto, Not Your Butterfly.
42 Lincoln Detox, Bronx New York, quoted in SOULBOOK 10, 3, no. 2 (Spring 1975): 71.
43 Rachel Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution: Suffering, Liberation and Love (London: Brevis Press, 2021), 28–9.
44 Ibid., 134, 137.
45 The use of pseudo gangs is a counterinsurgency tactic where state-controlled actors disguise themselves as insurgent groups by oppressive forces to create division within the resistance movement. This tactic was used by the British to fight the Kikuyu insurgency (aka the Mau Mau) in the 1950s. See Major Frank Kitson, Gangs and Counter-Gangs (London: Barrie and Rockliff, 1960).
46 Lyndon LaRoche was an American political activist who described himself and the NCLC but promoted a right-wing agenda. Some also argued NCLC functioned as a cult around the personality of LaRoche. See Manning Marable, “Black Fundamentalism: Louis Farrakhan and the Politics of Conservative Black Nationalism,” Institute of Research in African American Studies 39, no. 4: 73–5.
47 Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution, 152.
48 David Maraniss and Neil Henry, “Race ‘War’ in Cairo Reconciliation Grows as Memories Recede,” Washington Post (March 22, 1987), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/03/22/race-war-in-cairo-reconciliation-grows-as-memories-recede/578ee207-f584-4b0a-bbb6-100ec52d561a/ (accessed September 6, 2021).
49 “Guide to the United Front of Cairo, Illinois Photographs PHOTOS 171,” Tamiment Library and Robert Wagner Labor Archives, http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/photos_171/bioghist.html (accessed September 6, 2021); Kristen De Mez, “The Roots of a Public Housing Crisis in Cairo, Illinois,” Anxious Bench (September 7, 2017), https://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2017/09/roots-public-housing-crisis-cairo-illinois/ (accessed September 6, 2021).
50 Shakur conversation with author, Victorville, CA (USP Victorville) (June 17, 2012).
51 “Speech by Dr. Mutulu Shakur: Chitepo Day” (March 18, 1979), Freedom Archives, http://freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC52_scans/52.MutuluShakur.ChitepoDay.1979.pdf (accessed December 31, 2021).
52 Yuri Kochiyama, interview in The Shabazz Production, “Yuri: Mutulu Shakur and the Malcolm Connection,” https://youtu.be/kDpafZzeCSQ (accessed December 20, 2021).
53 “NYT notes Mutulu and a young Tupac’s backing vocals on ‘A Grain of Sand’ album,” mutulshakur.com, https://mutulushakur.com/a-grain-of-sand-album/ (accessed December 5, 2021).
54 Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution, 146–7.
55 Kochiyama, “Mutulu Shakur and Malcolm.”
56 Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution, 140–1.
57 Ibid., 160.
58 Ibid., 119.
59 Chitepo Day was named for Herbert Chitepo, a founder and leader of the Zimbabwe African National Union who was assassinated in 1975.
60 Black Liberation Army communique, “On Strategic Alliance of the Armed Military Forces of the Revolutionary Nationalist and Anti-Imperialist Movement,” in America, the Nation-State: The Politics of the United States from a State-Building Perspective, ed. Imari Abubakari Obadele (Baton Rouge, LA: The Malcolm Generation, 1998), 423–4.
61 Acoli, Brink’s Trial Testimony, 30.
62 BLA Communique, “Strategic Alliance of Armed Military Forces,” 423.
63 Afoh et al., Black Struggle in America, 43. “Sekou Odinga: I Am a Muslim and a New Afrikan Freedom Fighter,” New Afrikan: Organ of the Provisional Government of the Republic of New Afrika (December 1983), IX, 3, 4.
64 Chokwe Lumumba, POW Motion, 16.
65 Ras J. Jondi Harrell, interview (video recording), December 18, 2021.
66 Cocaine City, https://youtu.be/wEu7_pXuYSU (accessed December 25, 2021); Watani Tyehimba correspondence with author (December 25, 2021).
67 Gus Lines, interview with author, video recording (December 18, 2021).
68 Cocaine City.
69 Robert, Hip Hop Exclusive Mutulu Shakur’s Video Mixtape, Thuglife Army (May 26, 2006), https://www.thuglifearmy.com/tupac-news/2302-hip-hop-exclusive-mutulu-shakurs-video-mixtape.html (accessed December 24, 2021); Ife Jie, correspondence with author (December 22, 2021).
70 Mutulu Shakur: Legal Action v. Parole Commission, pg 30, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4449357-Shakur-Legal-Action-031127820403.html (accessed December 28, 2021).
71 Ibid., 43.
72 “Dr. Mutulu Shakur: It’s Time for His Release,” https://mutulushakur.com/ (accessed December 29, 2021).
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Notes on contributors
Akinyele Umoja
Akinyele Umoja is a Professor of Africana Studies at Georgia State University and the author of We Will Shoot Back: Armed Resistance and the Mississippi Freedom Movement (NYU Press, 2014). Professor Umoja is also a coeditor, with Karin Stanford and Jasmin Young, of the Black Power Encyclopedia (Greenwood Press, 2018). Professor Umoja’s scholarship is featured in several other journals and anthologies. For well over four decades, Umoja has advocated reparations, freedom of political prisoners, and solidarity of the Black Liberation movement with people across the globe fighting for human rights and freedom from oppression.