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Notes
1 This article was written in 2022.
2 An acupuncture treatment process developed by Dr. Mutulu Shakur and the Lincoln Detox Collective to points in the ear to ease heroin addiction and other medical issues, Rachel Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution: Suffering, Liberation, and Love (London: Brevis Press, 2021), 143.
3 Mutulu Shakur, discussion with People’s Video Network, Atlanta, GA (March 26, 1998). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FApkBXm4A3A (accessed June 3, 2022).
4 Violence in the inner city has been defined in similar ways by many authorities and observers. Although urban violence may not damage the infrastructure of communities to the same extent that low intensity warfare does, its immediate and long-term impact is nonetheless devastating to human life and to a sense of security. In essence it is a war being raged within the minds and souls of our youth and in the concrete jungles of our urban centers. https://scholarworks.umb.edu/trotter_review/vol7/iss1/9/TrotterReview. Volume 7, Issue 1: “African Americans and the Military: A Special Commemorative Issue,” Article 93-21 (1993).
5 White Lightning was a group of radical recovering addicts who represented working class and poor whites. See Pagones, Acupuncture as Revolution, 133.
6 Methadone treatment is corrective not curative since most patients but not all relapse after withdrawal. The return of specific narcotic craving after withdrawal is symptomatic of the defect within the endogenous opiate narcotic ligand system. [Dr. Marie Nyswlander Interview]; Joseph, Herman and Joycelyn S. Woods, “In the Service of Patients: The Legacy of Dr. Dole,” Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems 8, no. 4 (December 2006). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255662523_In_the_Service_of_Patients_The_Legacy_of_Dr_Dole; Methadone’s ability to depress chemical activities throughout the brain and CNS can have adverse health effects when used on a long-term basis. Not surprisingly, the long term effects of methadone on a person’s health closely mirror those of chronic opiate use in general. https://methadoneclinic.com/are-there-long-term-effects-of-methadone-to-worry-about/; After the war, all German patents, trade names and research records were requisitioned and expropriated by the allied forces and brought with them to the US; In 1947 that Amidon was given the generic name “methadone” by the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association; Commercial production was first introduced in 1947 by the US company Eli-Lilly who purchased the patent for $1. Ralf Gerlach: https://indro-online.de/en/the-history-of-methadone/; A Brief Overview on the Discovery of Methadone. INDRO e.V. (2004).
7 HONG KONG, April 4—A medical team here has reported some initial success in experiments with electrified acupuncture as a treatment for drug addicts’ withdrawal symptoms. The head of the team, Dr. H. L. Wen of Kwong Wah hospital, says they have been able to counteract the withdrawal symptoms of all of the 70 addict patients they have treated since November. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/05/archives/hong-kong-doctors-use-acupuncture-to-relieve-addicts-withdrawal.html (accessed April 5, 1973).
8 Celina Realuyo, “The New Opium War: A National Emergency,” PRISM, 8,1. https://cco.ndu.edu/News/Article/1767465/the-new-opium-war-a-national-emergency/ (accessed June 12, 2022).
9 A pair of BNDD agents tried to seize an Air America DC-3 loaded with heroin packed into boxes of Tide soap powder. At the CIA's behest, they were ordered to release the plane and drop the inquiry. https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/03/opinion/IHT-the-cia-drug-connectionis-as-old-as-the-agency.html; Rafiq A. Tschannen, “How the CIA-Operated a ‘Drug Smuggling Airline’ for Heroin & the 9/11 Connection,” The Muslim Times, https://themuslimtimes.info/2018/07/20/how-the-cia-operated-a-drug-smuggling-airline-for-heroin-the-9-11-connection/.
10 LABOR Committees: Nat Hentoff, of Thugs and Liars, The Village Voice, 1/24/74, p. 8; Paul L. Montgomery, “How a Radical-Left Group Moved Toward Savagery,” New York Times, 1/20/74, p. 1; James C. Hyatt, “A Communist Group Uses Fists and Epithets to Battle U.S. Unions,” Wall Street Journal, 10/7/75; “An Introduction to NCLC: “The Word Is Beware”,” Liberation New Service, #599, 3/23/74; Charles M. Young, “Mind Control, Political Violence & Sexual Warfare: Inside the NCLC,” Crawdaddy, June 1976, p. 48–56; Chronology of Labor Committee Attacks, issued by New York Committee to Stop Terrorist Attacks, 1973; Articles and photographs in The Daily World, The Militant, Workers Power, The Fifth Estate; “People’s Doctor Murdered!” White Lightning (New York: Come! Unity Press, n.d.) https://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/DOC58_scans/58.White.Lightening.RichardTaft.pdf (accessed June 3, 2022).
11 “Lincoln Detox Study of Acupuncture and Drug Addiction” (February 1974) Papers of Urayoana Trinidad D.ac. (unpublished).
12 Tony Newman and Gabriel Sayegh, “New York Sentencing Commission Releases Report on Rockefeller Drug Laws and Criminal Justice,” Drug Policy Alliance Press Release (February 2, 2009).
13 Adam Edelman top advisor to Richard Nixon admitted that the “War on Drugs” was a policy tool to go after anti-war protesters and “black people.” “The Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies: the antiwar left and black people. You understand what I'm saying,” Ehrlichman continued. “We knew we couldn't make it illegal to be either against the war or black, but by getting the public to associate the hippies with marijuana and blacks with heroin, and then criminalizing both heavily, we could disrupt those communities. We could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them night after night on the evening news. Did we know we were lying about the drugs? Of course we did.”
14 Shakur interview with People’s Video Network.
15 Ibid.
16 National Hearing on Drug Abuse Epidemic, Washington DC, June 29, 1976. Papers of Urayoana Trinidad D.Ac. (unpublished).
17 Shakur interview with People’s Video Network.
18 Jarrett Murphy, “The True Lessons the 1970s Fiscal Crisis Offers Pandemic NYC,” City Limits, https://citylimits.org/2020/08/27/the-true-lessons-the-1970s-fiscal-crisis-offers-pandemic-nyc/ (accessed August 27, 2020).
19 The legislator, Charles E. Schumer, the chairman of the Assembly's Subcommittee on City Management and Governance, appeared at the snow swept entrance of the hospital yesterday morning. “Over the past eight years,” he said, “the program known as Lincoln Detox has compiled a well-documented record of millions of dollars in unsubstantiated payrolls costs, overbilling for patient care and other egregious management failures. Despite public knowledge of these matters, the Health and Hospitals Corporation has continued to finance the program out of city funds because the state drug program agency cut off state funds to the program in 1973.” Morris Kaplan, “Assemblyman Cites Abuses in Welfare,” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/04/archives/assemblyman-cites-abuses-in-welfare-schumer-charges-recipients-gave.html.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Mutulu Shakur
Dr. Mutulu Shakur is a New Afrikan revolutionary nationalist, anti-imperialist and doctor of acupuncture. He has been a political prisoner since 1986.
Urayoana Trinidad
Urayoana Trinidad, L.Ac., was a founding member of Health Revolutionary Unity Movement (HRUM) and participated in South Bronx's (New York City) Lincoln Hospital takeover by the Young Lords Party, a Puerto Rican revolutionary organization. At Lincoln she met Dr, Mutulu Shakur and his work at Lincoln DeTox. She was a member of the first acupuncture class at Black Acupuncture Advisory Association of North America (BAAANA). Urayona is the first Puerto Rican woman in New York State to be certified as a licensed acupuncturist. She is also an herbalist, Reiki teacher NDA qualified MBSR/Mindfullness Based Stress Release teacher and has practiced Chinese Medicine for more than 30 years. She has dedicated her work to bringing well-being and empowerment within community medicine to communities of color. Urayoana has dedicated her work to the medical needs of the underserved and has founded or co-founded various community health programs in Harlem and the South Bronx.