Antifouling activity and biodegradable potential of the bioactive metabolites isolated from mangrove Avicennia officinalis L

Abstract

The present study explores the antifouling potentials of ethanol extract of mangrove Avicennia officinalis. Results of antibacterial activity inferred that extract had strongly inhibited the growth of fouling bacterial strains with significant differences in halos (9-16 mm) and showed minimal bacteriostatic (12.5–100 µg ml⁻¹) and bactericidal (25-200µg ml⁻¹) values. It had also strenuously suppressed fouling microalgae with appreciable MIC (12.5 and 50 µg ml⁻¹). The extract had also effectively deterred settlement of larvae of Balanus amphitrite and byssal thread of mussel Perna indica with lower EC₅₀ (11.67 and 37.43 µg ml⁻¹) and higher LC₅₀ (257.33 and 817 µg ml⁻¹) values. Further 100% recuperation of mussels from toxicity assay and therapeutic ratio of >20 substantiated its non-toxicity. GC-MS profile of bioassay guided fraction showed four (M1-M4) major bioactive metabolites. In silico biodegradability study revealed that metabolites M1 (Pentanoic acid, 5-methoxy-, phenyl ester) and M3 (Benzaldehyde, methyl-) have rapid biodegradation rates and eco-friendly in nature.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords:

• Mangrove
• Avicennia sp
• Antifouling
• Toxicity
• Eco-friendly
• Biodegradation

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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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Funding

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.