https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2687-9095
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ABSTRACT
Hydrogen and natural gas are promising alternatives to fossil fuels in combustion engines for sustainable environment. Consumption of fossil fuels is a matter of growing concern that needs to be dealt with seriously for a sustainable, better tomorrow as fossil fuels have dreadful implications on the environment. Therefore, there is an urgent need across the globe to quest for environment-friendly alternative fuels, which can power internal combustion engines. Moreover, regulated and unregulated emissions from engines have been affecting human health and the environment. In this review article, hydrogen in combination with natural gas along with diesel as a pilot fuel is investigated. The impactsof exhaust gas recirculation with hydrogen and natural gas are also discussed. It is observed from the review that an H2 proportion of up to 5–30% is beneficial in combination with natural gas as well with other alternative fuels. The further increase in the hydrogen proportion create the problem of backfiring, knocking as well as increasing the NOx emissions. The transportation and storage are the biggest problems with the hydrogen fuel. Among the alternatives, gaseous fuels have great importance, and they need proper attention for inclusion in the CI engine as a fuel used in dual-fuel mode.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
List of abbreviations
| A-F | = | Air-fuel |
| BMEP | = | Brake mean effective pressure |
| BSEC | = | Brake-specific energy consumption |
| BSFC | = | Brake-specific fuel consumption |
| BTE | = | Brake thermal efficiency |
| C/H | = | Carbon to hydrogen |
| C-C | = | Carbon-carbon |
| CI | = | Compression ignition |
| CO2 | = | Carbon dioxide |
| DI | = | Direct injection |
| EGR | = | Exhaust gas recirculation |
| FDIR | = | First diesel injection ratio |
| HC | = | Hydrocarbon |
| HES | = | Hydrogen energy share |
| HRR | = | Heat release rate |
| IC: | = | Internal combustion |
| MEP | = | Mean effective pressure |
| NG | = | Natural gas |
| NO | = | Nitrogen oxides |
| PFI | = | Port-fuel injection |
| PM | = | Particulate matters |
| SI | = | Spark ignition |
| SOx | = | Sulphur oxides |
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Paramvir Singh
Dr. Paramvir Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Agartala. With a Ph.D. and Master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from NIT Hamirpur, India, he pursued postdoctoral research at the National University of Ireland Galway and IIT Bombay, specializing in fuels and combustion. Dr. Singh’s diverse research interests include renewable energy, combustion systems, emission control, and waste-to-energy technologies.
Dhinesh Balasubramanian
Dr. Dhinesh Balasubramanian is an Assistant Professor Senior in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India with a Ph.D. and Master’s degree in Automobile Engineering from the Mechanical Engineering Division from Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai. He pursued postdoctoral research at the Khon Kaen University, Thailand specializing in hybrid and electric vehicle technologies. His area of research includes Thermal management and fire dynamics for battery, renewable energy, combustion systems, and waste-to-energy technologies.
Inbanaathan Papla Venugopal
Dr. Inbanaathan Papla Venugopal is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, Tamilnadu, India. He currently acts as a Co-Principal Investigator for an international Project in INDIA and Taiwan. He has published 5 patents and 18 journal papers as per Scopus and SCI sources with about 239 citations and an H-index of 8. He works in the field of Renewable Energy, Energy and Exergy Analysis, Advanced combustion mode in diesel engines, and Nanofluids.
Vineet Veer Tyagi
Dr. Vineet Veer Tyagi, Assistant Professor & Head of School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, Jammu and Kashmir. Dr. Tyagi has been actively working in the research area of Solar Thermal Energy Storage, Phase Change Materials and their Applications, PV/Thermal Systems, Solar Desalination Systems, and renewable energy.
Varun Goel
Dr. Varun Goel is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at NIT Hamirpur (HP). His area of research includes Renewable Energy, Heat transfer, and LCA.
Makatar Wae-Hayee
Makatar Wae-hayee received a Bachelor of Industrial Technology in Mechanical Technology from Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya, Thailand. He received a Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering and a Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering from Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. His fields of interest are Combustion, Gasification, Biomass conversion, Thermal-Fluid Engineering, Heat and Mass Transfer, Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD), Food drying
Mohammed Abdul Kalam
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abul Kalam is an academic staff in the Faculty of Engineering and IT at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia. His research specialization is internal combustion engines, biodiesel/biofuel, lubricant testing, and engine tribology. Prof Kalam’s name appeared in the list of “Highly Cited Researchers” in the years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2023” in recognition of ranking among the top 1% of researchers for the most cited documents in engineering by Web of Science and Clarivate Analytics.
Edwin Geo Varuvel
Dr. Edwin Geo Varuvel is an active researcher and highly experienced academician, currently working as Professor in Mechanical Engineering, at Istinye University, Turkiye. Boasting 20+ years of research experience, he is well-known for his notable contribution to the clean and renewable energy systems for automobiles. He has published more than 150 research articles in highly reputed journals and keep uplifting his research career in the field of green carbon economy for sustainable future.