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ABSTRACT
Background: Transgender people are often victims of multiple types of violence across several areas of life due to society’s marked intolerance of gender nonconformity. Objective: This study seeks to describe experiences of violence in transgender individuals and explore the relationship between different types of violence and specific, high-risk gender incongruence and social rejection factors during adolescence. Method: The sample consisted of 245 transgender adults receiving transgender-related health services at a public specialised clinic in Mexico City. Results: Findings are in line with the evidence in the literature and confirm that transgender people are at a high risk of different types of violence, with psychological violence being the most common, followed by physical and sexual violence. This occurs at an early age and in different contexts, mainly through social experiences with family members and school peers. Experiences of rejection, seeking to be treated as the gender identity and asking to be called by the name selected for gender identity were the most important predictors for all types of violence. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for interventions to prevent violence against transgender youth from an early age to provide safe family and school environments for their healthy development.
Acknowledgments
This study is part of a larger project named: Toward ICD-11 categories on gender incongruence: evaluation of validity, reliability and utility among transgender people; Principal Researcher: Dr. Rebeca Robles; Funded by the ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry (Registration Number: EP4318.1). Additional in-kind support was provided by the Condesa Specialized Clinic, Mexico City, Mexico. The authors are grateful to Andrea González-Rodríguez, Esmeralda Román-Mar, Vida Ortega-Font, Javier Villanueva, Montserrat Huacuja, and Karla Karina García for their support in implementing the study.
Compliance with ethical standards, ethical approval
All study procedures were approved by the Ethics Committees of Research of the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ministry of Health, Mexico.
Data availability statement
Based on the ethical protocols of the protection and security of personal data of the participants in the study, the data cannot be shared or made public.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Contributors
Tecelli Domínguez-Martínez: Contributed to study design, prepared the first draft and write the manuscript.
Rebeca Robles: Principal Researcher, design the study, supervision of implementation and study procedures, review and made substantial contributions to the final report.
Ana Fresán: Conducted data analysis, revised and made substantial contributions to the final report.
Jeremy Cruz: Supervision of data collection and implementation of study procedures.
Hamid Vega: Supervision of data collection and implementation of study procedures.
Geoffrey M. Reed: Review and made substantive contributions to the final report.
Additional information
Funding
Notes on contributors
Tecelli Domínguez-Martínez
Dr. Tecelli Domínguez-Martínez Ph.D. Clinical and Health Psychology (Autonomous University of Barcelona). Currently Medical Science Researcher at the Global Mental Health Research Center, Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, 'Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz' National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico. Her research focuses on psychosocial risk factors in the onset and development of mental disorders, prevention strategies for mental health, and violence in transgender population.
Robles García Rebeca
Dr. Rebeca Robles: B.A. Psychology, M.S. Clinical Psychology, and Ph.D. Health Psychology. Coordinator and senior researcher at the Global Mental Health Research Center, Directorate of Epidemiological and Psychosocial Research, ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico. Principal Investigator of the international field testing on WHO's ICD-11 proposals for Gender Incongruence in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood.
Ana Fresán
Dr. Fresán-Orellana Ana holds a Ph.D. in Psychology and Health from the Faculty of Psychology (National University Autonomous of Mexico). Currently head of the Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology at the 'Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz' National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico. Her research focuses on stigma, psychopathology assessment, and violence.
Jeremy Cruz
Dr. Jeremy Cruz MD by National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Psychiatrist from the ‘Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz’ National Institute of Psychiatry. Master in Health Sciences/Public Mental Health UNAM. Ph.D. Candidate in Public Mental Health. Founder of the Transgender Clinic of the Condesa Clinic in Mexico City. Founding Member of the Integral Transgender Attention Center (CATI). Representative in Mexico of the World Society of Health Professionals in Care for Transgender Patients (WPATH) in Mexico. Winner of the 2016 Japan Society of Psychiatry and Neurology Award. Expert in: HIV and mental health, sexual minorities, friendly environments for sexual minorities, risky sexual behaviors, and development of mental health care programs.
Hamid Vega
Dr. E. Hamid Vega-Ramirez M.D., M.Sc., is a psychiatrist and researcher at the Global Mental Health Research Center, 'Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz' National Institute of Psychiatry, Ministry of Health, Mexico. He is a collaborator of the international field testing on WHO's ICD-11 proposals for Gender Incongruence in Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood.
Geoffrey M. Reed
Dr. Geoffrey Read is Professor of Medical Psychology and Scientific Co-Director of the Columbia University Global Mental Health Program and Co-Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre for Capacity Building and Training in Global Mental Health. He has served as Senior Project Officer for the Development of the Chapter on Mental and Behavioral Disorders of the 11th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) by the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse of the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2008.