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Articles

Transcending the Public and the Private: The Cosmopolitanism of Freemason Joseph Honoré Rémy

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Pages 179-198 | Published online: 17 Feb 2022
 

Abstract

Published in 1770, Le cosmopolisme by Joseph Honoré Rémy is the first pamphlet in French to elaborate upon a political philosophy of cosmopolitanism. I first present a biography of Rémy with original elements concerning his membership of the Freemasonic Lodge of the Nine Sisters. This article analyses his pamphlet and argues that his cosmopolitanism is a way of transcending the public and the private. Such transcendence is, I argue, achieved in two ways: first, through the authorial function of writing as a ‘cosmopolite’ and second, through an understanding of cosmopolitanism as a human fraternity inspiring private and public virtues in republican monarchies.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Notes

1 J. H. Rémy, Le cosmopolisme (Amsterdam and Paris: Chez Valade, 1770).

2 R. Granderoute, ‘Rémy’, Dictionnaire des Journalistes (1600-1789) <https://dictionnaire-journalistes.gazettes18e.fr/journaliste/675-joseph-remy> [accessed 27 September 2021].

3 Mercure de France, samedi 14 septembre 1782 (Paris: Chez Panckoucke, 1782), pp. 85–90.

4 Encyclopædia Londinensiis, ed. by John Wilkes (London: G. Jones, 1826), XXI, p. 817.

5 D. Julia, ‘L’éducation des ecclésiastiques aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles,’ Publications de l’École Française de Rome, 104.1 (1988), 161.

6 L. Amiable, Une loge maçonnique d’avant 1789, la R. L. Les neuf sœurs (Paris: Félix Alcan, 1897), p. 43. See also the edition commented by Charles Porset, La Loge des neuf sœurs (Paris: EDIMAF, 2014).

7 Mercure de France, septembre 1776 (Paris: Chez Lacombe, 1776), pp. 136–42.

8 L. de Jaucourt, ‘Remiremont,’ in Encyclopédie, ed. by Jean le Rond d’Alembert and Denis Diderot (Neuchastel: Chez Samuel Faulche, 1765), xiv, p. 94.

9 Amiable, p. 37.

10 Ibid., pp. 207–8.

11 Ibid., p. 10.

12 A. Lantoine, Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie Française. La Franc-Maçonnerie Chez Elle, 2nd edn (Paris: Émile Nourry, 1927), p. 70.

13 C. Porset, ‘Siderus Latomorum. Lalande Franc-Maçon,’ in Jérôme Lalande: Une Trajectoire Scientifique (1732–1807), ed. by Guy Boistel, Jérôme Lamy, and Colette Le Lay (Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2019), pp. 195–222, footnote 23.

14 Amiable, p. 18.

15 Ibid., pp. 28–35.

16 Ibid., p. 65.

17 Ibid., p. 67.

18 M. C. Jacob and M. Crow, ‘Freemasonry and the Enlightenment,’ in Handbook of Freemasonry, ed. by Henrik Bogdan and Jan A. M. Snoek (Leiden: Brill, 2014), pp. 100–16 (pp. 109–10).

19 A. Le Bihan, Loges et Chapitres de la Grande Loge et du Grand Orient de France (2e moitié du XVIIIe siècle) (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1967), p. 234.

20 I have been unable to find the text of this work. See: A. F. Delandine, Couronnes académiques …  (Paris: Chez Cuchet, 1787), pp. 50–1.

21 J. H. Rémy, Éloge de Michel de L’Hôpital (Paris: Chez Demonville, 1777).

22 L’Esprit des journaux, françois et étrangers (s.l.: De l’Imprimerie du Journal, 1777), xi, pp. 249–50.

23 Amiable, pp. 41–2.

24 L. P. de Bachaumont et al., Mémoires secrets …  (London: Chez John Adamson, 1784), x, pp. 282–84.

25 Ibid., p. 292.

26 Bachaumont et al., Mémoires secrets …  (London: Chez John Adamson, 1783), xxi, p. 102.

27 I have been unable to find the text of this work. See: Amiable, p. 42.

28 Amélie Suard was the sister of publisher Charles-Joseph Panckoucke (1736–98) and was married to the journalist and writer Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Suard (1732–1817).

29 Voltaire, Voltaire’s Correspondence, ed. by Theodore Besterman (Genève: Institut et Musée Voltaire, 1964), xcvii, p. 67.

30 Ibid., p. 91.

31 Voltaire’s Correspondence, p. 187.

32 E. Young, Les Nuits d’Young, trans. by Le Tourneur (Paris: Chez Lejay, 1769).

33 J. H. Rémy, Les jours …  (Paris: Chez Valade, 1770).

34 J. H. Rémy, Le code des François …  (Bruxelles: Chez Emmanuel Flon, 1771).

35 Bachaumont et al., xxi, p. 102.

36 Mercure de France, 22 Janvier 1780 (Paris: Chez Panckoucke, 1780), p. 183.

37 S. Tucoo-Chala, Charles-Joseph Panckoucke & la librairie française, 1736–1798 (Pau and Paris: Marrimpouey Jeune and Touzot, 1977), p. 135.

38 Ibid., p. 185.

39 Ibid., p. 219.

40 Ibid., pp. 135–6, 286.

41 S. Schmitt, ‘‪Inventaire des livraisons, des auteurs et du contenu de l’Encyclopédie méthodique (1782–1832)‪,’ Recherches sur Diderot et sur l’Encyclopedie, 53.1 (2018), 207–70.

42 Encyclopédie Méthodique. Jurisprudence, ed. by Lerasle (Paris: Chez Panckoucke, 1782), i, p. v.

43 G. Imbert, Correspondance secrète, politique et littéraire … (London: Chez John Adamson, 1788), xiii, pp. 169–70.

44 Porset, ‘Lalande Franc-Maçon’.

45 P.-Y. Beaurepaire, ‘La franc-maçonnerie, observatoire des trajectoires et des dynamiques sociales au 18e siècle,’ Dix-Huitième Siècle, 37.1 (2005), 17–30.

46 A. Le Bihan, Francs-maçons et ateliers parisiens de la Grande Loge de France au XVIIIe siècle (1760–1795) (Paris: Bibliothèque nationale, 1973), p. 424.

47 P. Naudon, La franc-maçonnerie, 6th edn (Paris: PUF, 1977), p. 40.

48 Amiable, p. 35.

49 Ibid., pp. 32–3.

50 M. C. Jacob, Living the Enlightenment: Freemasonry and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 143–61.

51 S. A. Rous, ‘Homo Sum: John Adams Reads Terence,’ Classical World, 113.3 (2020), 319.

52 Règle maçonnique, à l’usage des loges réunies et rectifiées … , 2nd edn (La Haye: Chez I. van Cleef, 1797), p. 11.

53 G. L. Fink, ‘Cosmopolitisme,’ in Dictionnaire européen des Lumières, ed. by Michel Delon (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2007), pp. 320–3.

54 P. Hazard, ‘Cosmopolite,’ in Mélanges d’histoire littéraire générale et comparée offerts à Fernand Baldensperger (Paris: Libraire ancienne Honoré Champion, 1930), pp. 354–64.

55 Dictionnaire Universel François et Latin (Paris: Florentin Delaulne et al., 1721), II, p. 270.

56 D. Laertius, Lives of the Eminent Philosophers, trans. by R. D. Hicks (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925), II, pp. 420–56.

57 E. Holmyard, Alchemy, rept. (Mineola: Dover Publications, 2012), pp. 314–33.

58 G. G. Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, a Romaunt, 5th edn (London: John Murray, 1812).

59 L.-C. Fougeret de Montbron, Le cosmopolite, ou Le citoyen du monde (London: [s.n.], 1753), pp. 3–4.

60 Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes (Cologne: Chez Pierre Marteau, 1721).

61 J. H. Broome, ‘Voltaire and Fougeret de Monbron: A Candide Problem Reconsidered,’ Modern Language Review 55 (1960), 509–18; E. Langille, ‘Introduction,’ in Louis-Charles Fougeret de Monbron, Le cosmopolite, ou Le citoyen du monde (Cambridge: MHRA, 2010), pp. vii–xxx.

62 I. Coller, ‘East of Enlightenment: Regulating Cosmopolitanism between Istanbul and Paris in the Eighteenth Century,’ Journal of World History 21.3 (2010), 462.

63 O. Goldsmith, The Citizen of the World … (Dublin: George and Alex Ewing, 1762).

64 Rabelleau, Le cosmopolite … (s.l.: [s.n.], 1760).

65 A. Provost, ‘Rabelleau et le luxe en 1772: stratégies de publication,’ Dix-Huitième Siècle 37.1 (2005), 434.

66 Rabelleau, 91.

67 C.-I. C. de Saint-Pierre, Projet pour rendre la paix perpétuelle en Europe (Utrecht: Antoine Schouten, 1713).

68 J.-J. Rousseau, ‘Extrait du Projet de Paix Perpétuelle de Monsieur l’abbé de Saint-Pierre,’ in Rousseau: Œuvres Complètes (Paris: Gallimard, 1964), III, pp. 563–89.

69 Voltaire, ‘Rescrit de l’empereur de Chine à l’occasion du projet de paix perpétuelle,’ in Voltaire: Mélanges, ed. by Jacques van den Heuvel (Paris: Gallimard, 1961), pp. 157–202.

70 J.-J. Rousseau, Discours sur l’origine et les fondemens de l’inégalité parmi les Hommes (Amsterdam: Chez Marc-Michel Rey, 1755), pp. 138–9.

72 Montesquieu, De l’esprit des loix … (Genève: Chez Barillot & fils, 1748), I, pp. 40–4.

73 Hazard, p. 360.

74 Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique (London: s.n., 1764), p. 297.

75 J.-J. Rousseau, ‘Émile,’ in Œuvres Complètes de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, vol 2: La Nouvelle Héloïse, Émile (Paris: Houssiaux, 1852), p. 401.

76 S. Rosenfeld, ‘Citizens of Nowhere in Particular: Cosmopolitanism, Writing, and Political Engagement in Eighteenth-Century Europe,’ National Identities 4.1 (2002), 27.

77 M. C. Jacob, Strangers Nowhere in the World: The Rise of Cosmopolitanism in Early Modern Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006).

78 Reflexions d’un Cosmopolite (s.l.: s.n., 1750), p. 1.

79 B.-L. V. de la Bastide, Lettre d’un Cosmopolite à l’ombre de Calas (s.l.: s.n., 1765).

80 A. A. Barbier, Dictionnaire des ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes …  (Paris: Barrois l’ainé, 1823), II, p. 246, note 9671.

81 Fardeau, Lettre d'un cosmopolite sur le réquisitoire de M. Joly de Fleury …  (Paris: Chez Romain Constant, 1765), p. 4.

82 R. A. de Pellissery, Le caffé politique d’Amsterdam … (Amsterdam: s.n., 1776).

83 C. Lovencrone, Lettre d’un Danois impartial au chevalier Méanwell à Yorke … (Bréda: Chez Pierre Telltruth, 1776), p. 3.

84 Ibid, pp. 9–10.

85 Anational and transnational here refer to the eighteenth-century ambiguous sense of ‘la nation’. See M. Delon, ‘Nation,’ in Nouvelle Histoire des Idées Politiques, ed. by Pascal Ory (Paris: Hachette, 1987), pp. 127–35; E. Fehrenbach, ‘Nation,’ in Handbuch Politisch-Sozialer Grundbegriffe in Frankreich 1680–1820, ed. by Rolf Reichardt, Anette Höfer and Elisabeth Fehrenbach (Berlin, Boston: Oldenbourg, 1986), VII, pp. 75–107.

86 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, p. 52.

87 L.-S. Mercier, Néologie …  (Paris: Moussard; Maradan, 1801), I, p. 131.

88 T. de Bordeu et al., Recherches sur les maladies chroniques …  (Paris: Chez Ruault, 1775), p. 65.

89 J. von Castillon, Discours sur l’origine de l’inegalité parmi les hommes … (Amsterdam: Chez J. F. Jolly, 1756), p. 164.

90 F. de Saussure, Cours de linguistique générale (Paris: Payot, 1972), pp. 97–103.

91 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, pp. 9–12.

92 Ibid., p. 14.

93 Ibid., pp. 14–15.

94 Ibid., pp. 16–19.

95 Ibid., pp. 19–20.

96 Ibid., pp. 21–2.

97 Ibid., pp. 22–3.

98 Ibid., pp. 24–5.

99 Ibid., pp. 73–4.

100 P.-Y. Beaurepaire, Franc-maçonnerie et cosmopolitisme au siècle des Lumières (Paris: EDIMAF, 2014).

101 C. Dédéyan, Télémaque ou la liberté de l’esprit (Paris: Nizet, 1991); F.-X. Cuche, Le Télémaque de Fénelon. Entre Père et Mer (Paris: Honoré Champion, 1994).

102 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, pp. 43–6.

103 F. Fénelon, Les avantures de Télémaque, fils d’Ulysse (Paris: Chez Jacques Estienne, 1717), II, p. 395.

104 P. Riley, ‘Fénelon’s “Republican” Monarchism in Telemachus,’ in Monarchism in the Age of Enlightenment: Liberty, Patriotism, and the Common Good, ed. by Hans Blom, John Christian Laursen and Luisa Simonutti (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007), p. 78.

105 J. G. A. Pocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016), pp. 401–22.

106 D. Edelstein, The Terror of Natural Right: Republicanism, the Cult of Nature, and the French Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), pp. 59–60.

107 Fénelon, I, p. 230.

108 Ibid., p. 231.

109 Fénelon, II, pp. 483–4.

110 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, pp. 25–6.

111 Ibid., pp. 27–8.

112 Ibid., pp. 84–6.

113 Z. Shi, ‘L’image de la Chine dans la pensée européenne du XVIIIe siècle: de l’apologie à la philosophie pratique,’ Annales historiques de la Révolution française, 347 (2007), 93–111.

114 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, p. 84.

115 Ibid., pp. 60–1.

116 Ibid., p. 41.

117 Frederick II, ‘Essay on the Forms of Government and the Duties of Sovereigns,’ in Frederick the Great’s Philosophical Writings, ed. by Avi Lifschitz, trans. by Angela Scholar (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020), p. 206.

118 P.-P. Lemercier de la Rivière, L’ordre naturel et essentiel des sociétés politiques (London; Paris: Chez Jean Nourse and chez Desaint, 1767).

119 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, pp. 34–5.

120 Ibid., p. 54.

121 Ibid., pp. 36–7.

122 Ibid., p. 37.

123 Ibid., p. 43.

124 Ibid., pp. 40–1.

125 Ibid., pp. 78–80.

126 Ibid., pp. 49–50.

127 Ibid., pp. 46–7.

128 Ibid., pp. 61–3.

129 Ibid., p. 64.

130 G. van den Heuvel, ‘Cosmopolite, Cosmopoli(ti)sme,’ in Handbuch politisch-sozialer Grundbegriffe in Frankreich 1680–1820, ed. by Eberhard Schmitt and Rolf Reichardt (München: Oldenbourg, 1986), vi, p. 94.

131 W. Kymlicka, Politics in the Vernacular: Nationalism, Multiculturalism, and Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 204; M. Belissa, Fraternité universelle et intérêt national (1713–1795). Les cosmopolitiques du droit des gens (Paris: Kimé, 1998).

132 J.-R. Suratteau, ‘Cosmopolitisme et Patriotisme au Siècle des Lumières,’ Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française, 253.1 (1983), 364–89.

133 H. Chisick, Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 2005), p. 128; W. Frijhoff, ‘Cosmopolitismo,’ in L’Illuminismo: Dizionario Storico, ed. by Vincenzo Ferrone and Daniel Roche (Bari and Roma: Editori Laterza, 2007), pp. 21–2; T. J. Schlereth, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in Enlightenment Thought, Its Form and Function in the Ideas of Franklin, Hume, and Voltaire, 1694–1790 (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977), pp. xii–iii.

134 Belissa, p. 7.

135 M. Scrivener, The Cosmopolitan Ideal in the Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1776–1832 (London: Pickering and Chatto, 2007).

136 Beaurepaire, Franc-maçonnerie et cosmopolitisme, pp. 34–5.

137 Rémy, Cosmopolisme, pp. 53–4.

138 G. Cavallar, ‘Cosmopolitanism in Kant’s Philosophy,’ Ethics & Global Politics, 5.2 (2012), 109.

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This work was supported by the Centre of Excellence 'Centre for Privacy Studies', funded by the Danish National Research Foundation.

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