A cost-emission based scheme for residential energy hub management considering comfortable lifestyle and responsible demand

ABSTRACT

Due to different and frequently competing goals, managing multiple energy carriers in residential buildings in a coordinated manner is one of the key obstacles to the optimal operation of smart cities. This paper offers a novel conceptual cost-based scheme for optimal energy-gas use in a smart home in the context of residential energy hubs in response to this challenge, considering a significant trade-off between cost reduction and environmental conservation. The suggested model takes into account a variety of energy conversion resources, including energy and heat storage systems, rooftop photovoltaic modules, combined heat and power units, as well as responsible electrical and thermal loads. In addition, an effective stochastic scenario-based approach is used to address the significant uncertainty related to photovoltaic production. By incorporating a weighted summation mixed objective function under various system constraints and user preferences, the suggested framework lowers domestic energy consumption and utility costs while also providing the resident with optimal task scheduling and comfort, which can ensure a high quality of life. The suggested scheme is tested on a real-world case study with energy hubs, and as anticipated, it introduces its applicability and effectiveness in the proposed residential energy hub problem’s optimal energy management. The simulation results show that it is possible to reduce energy procurement costs by up to 47.86% and emissions costs by up to 31.29% while still providing the desired level of comfort for the households.

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS:

• Energy hubs
• smart buildings
• renewables
• demand response
• stochastic optimization

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Nomenclature

Sets and indices	=
$t$	=	Index of hour
$ch$	=	Index of charging
$dch$	=	Index of discharging
$es$	=	Index of energy storage
$e$	=	Index of power
$h$	=	Index of heat
$l$	=	Index of load
$uc$	=	Index of uncontrollable loads
$c$	=	Index of controllable loads
$GB$	=	Index of gas boiler
$g$	=	Index of natural gas
Parameters	=
${\alpha }_t$	=	Natural gas partition coefficient between CHP and boiler
${\eta }_{CHP,e}$	=	Power generation efficiency of CHP
${\eta }_{es,ch}$	=	Charge efficiency of energy storage
${\eta }_{es,dch}$	=	Discharge efficiency of energy storage
${\eta }_{e,L}$	=	Efficiency of electric loads
${\eta }_{GB}$	=	Efficiency of boiler
${\pi }_{ce}$	=	Carbon emission price (cent/kW)
${\pi }_e^t$	=	price of purchased power (cent/kW)
${\pi }_g^t$	=	price of purchased natural gas (cent/kW)
$\mu$	=	Mean value of sunlight
$\sigma$	=	Standard deviation
$C_{CHP}^{max}$	=	Maximum capacity of CHP (kW)
$E_{es}^0$	=	Initial value of energy storage SOC (kWh)
$E_{es}^{max}$	=	Maximum SOC of energy storages (kWh)
$E_{es}^{min}$	=	Minimum SOC of energy storages (kWh)
$E_{c,e}$	=	Energy consumption of controllable electrical load in 24 hours (kWh)
$E_{c,h}$	=	Energy consumption of controllable heat load in 24 hours (kWh)
$FF$	=	Fill factor
$H_{max}^t$	=	Maximum energy consumption by controllable thermal loads at t (kW)
$H_{min}^t$	=	Minimum energy consumption by controllable thermal loads at t (kW)
$H_{uc}^t$	=	Uncontrollable the heat load at t (kW)
$P_{es,ch}^{max}$	=	Maximum charging power of energy storages (kW)
$P_{es,dch}^{max}$	=	Maximum discharging power of energy storages (kW)
$P_{max}^t$	=	Maximum usable power by controllable electric loads at t (kW)
$P_{min}^t$	=	Minimum usable power by controllable electric loads at t (kW)
$V_{MPP}$	=	Voltage at maximum power point (V)
$V_{oc}$	=	Open-circuit voltage (V)
$lDS{M}^t$	=	Load curtailed by DSM program at period t
$DS{M}^t$	=	Participation of rates at t in the proposed DSM
$Loa{d}_0^t$	=	Load before DSM operation at t (kW)
Variables	=
$E_{es}^{24}$	=	Battery SOC at hour 24 (kWh)
$E_{es}^t$	=	Battery SOC at t (kWh)
$G_{Net}^t$	=	purchased natural gas at t (kW)
$H_{hs,ch}^t$	=	Charged heat of thermal storage device at t (kW)
$H_{hs,dch}^t$	=	Discharged heat of thermal storage device at t (kW)
$H_L^t$	=	Heat loads at t (kW)
$H_{CHP}^t$	=	Heat generated by CHP at t (kW)
$H_c^t$	=	Controllable heat load at t (kW)
$Accessisdenied$	=	Boiler output at t (kW)
$l_{es,ch}^t$, $l_{es,dch}^t$	=	Binary values preventing battery from charging/discharging simultaneously
$P_{CHP}^t$	=	Power generated by CHP in t (kW)
$P_c^t$	=	Controllable electric load at t (kW)
$P_{es,ch}^t$	=	Charged power of energy storage at t (kW)
$P_{es,dch}^t$	=	Discharged power of energy storage at t (kW)
$P_{Net}^t$	=	Power imported from grid at t (kW)
Functions	=
$C$	=	Objective function (cent)
$C_e$	=	Power purchase costs (cent)
$C_g$	=	Natural gas purchase costs (cent)
$C_{eq}$	=	Installation cost of the equipment
$C_{ce}$	=	Cost of carbon emission (cent)

Supplementary material

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/23080477.2023.2285420.