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Articles

War Travels: The Logistics of Vietnam War Militourism

Pages 792-807 | Received 18 Sep 2022, Accepted 09 Dec 2023, Published online: 04 Mar 2024
 

Abstract

This article explores the everyday entanglements of militarism and tourism that helped sustain soldiering life during the Vietnam War. Free world soldiers in Vietnam were entitled to take between five and seven days of leave in rest and recuperation (R&R) sites located within the war zone and across the Pacific more generally. This article places the literature on militourism in conversation with close readings of archival sources to show how imperial soldier-tourists used trans-Pacific infrastructures of military R&R in a diversity of ways. Militourists in colonized cities such as Manila and Hong Kong often enacted heteronormative fantasies of leisure, seeking out intimate and predatory relationships with local women. The U.S. military also valued R&R as a mechanism for reuniting soldiers with their families, however, and transformed Honolulu into a site for hosting such forms of leave. When considered together, these different forms of militourism emphasize how trans-Pacific R&R infrastructures served simultaneously as conduits of gendered violence, terrains of racial management, and objects of political struggle. What this article offers, then, is a more complex understanding of militourism, one that reclaims vernacular cultures of travel from militaries, markets, and empires, and repurposes them to further the urgent work of abolition, decolonization, and demilitarization.

军国主义和旅游业的关联, 有助于维系越南战争期间士兵的生活。在越南的自由世界士兵, 有权在战区和整个太平洋地区休养(R&R)场所休假五到七天。本文结合军事旅游文献和档案资料, 展示了帝国士兵游客如何以多种方式使用跨太平洋军事R&R基础设施。马尼拉和香港等殖民城市的军事游客, 经常对休闲产生非常规幻想, 寻求与当地女性的亲密和掠夺式关系。然而, 美国军方也重视R&R, 将其作为士兵与家人团聚的机制, 并将檀香山改造成此类休养场所。这些不同形式的军事旅游, 强调了跨太平洋R&R基础设施如何成为性别暴力、种族化管理和政治斗争对象的渠道。本文提供了对军事旅游的更复杂理解。本文从军队、市场和帝国中重拾当地旅游文化, 旨在推动对废除、去殖民化和非军事化的紧迫研究。

Este artículo explora los tejemanejes cotidianos del militarismo y el turismo que ayudaron a dar cierto sustento vital a los combatientes en la guerra de Vietnam. Los soldados del mundo libre que sirvieron en aquel conflicto tenían derecho a disfrutar entre cinco y siete días de permiso en sitios reservados para descanso y recuperación (R&R) ubicados dentro de la propia zona de guerra y, en general, en el Pacífico. Este artículo coloca la literatura sobre el turismo militar en interacción con lecturas extraídas de fuentes de archivos para mostrar el modo como los soldados turistas imperiales aprovecharon la infraestructura transpacífica de los R&R militares de diversas maneras. En ciudades colonizadas como Manila y Hong Kong, a los turistas militares, o militoturistas, a menudo se les montaban fantasías heteronormativas de ocio, buscando ofrecerles relaciones íntimas y depredadoras con mujeres locales. Sin embargo, las fuerzas armadas americanas también apreciaban los R&R como un mecanismo para reunir a los soldados con sus familias, y transformaron a Honolulu en un lugar que sirviese en tal forma este tipo de permisos militares. Vistas en conjunto, las diferentes formas de militurismo destacan cómo las infraestructuras transpacíficas de los R&R sirvieron a la vez como conductos de violencia de género, escenarios de manejo racial y objetos de lucha política. Entonces, lo que este artículo contribuye es un entendimiento más complejo del militurismo, uno que resarce las culturas vernáculas del viaje de los militares, los mercados y los imperios, y les reformula sus propósitos para promover una urgente tarea de abolición, descolonización y desmilitarización.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Nadine Attewell and May Farrales for reading some of the earliest drafts of this article, and for offering comments and suggestions during the revisions process. I also benefited enormously from more informal conversations with Adrian De Leon, who helped me clarify the intellectual stakes of the article. Finally, I wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers and Kendra Strauss for all of their hard editorial work. All remaining errors and omissions are my own.

Disclosure Statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.

Additional information

Notes on contributors

Wesley Attewell

WESLEY ATTEWELL is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Hong Kong. E-mail: [email protected]. As a geographer of imperialism, decolonization, and diaspora, he studies the global landscapes of U.S. empire-building from the Cold War to the present.

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