Acknowledgments
We would like to thank S Wadmann, O Spalletta and two anonymous reviewers for thoughtful feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript. We also thank C Harjes for her help with the references.
Financial disclosure
S Green’s research is supported by the Independent Research Fund Denmark (Grant agreement No. 0132-00026B) and the Carlsberg Foundation (Semper Ardens Grant CF17-0016). M Sabatello’s research is supported by NHGRI/ NIH Office of The Director (OD) Grant R01HG010868. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
Competing interests disclosure
M Sabatello is a member of the NIH All of Us Research Program’s Institutional Review Board. The authors have no other competing interests or relevant affiliations with any organization or entity with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.
Writing disclosure
No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.
Notes
‡ We would like to thank Sarah Wadmann for valuable information and discussions on this point.
§ A new project led by Paul Martin at the University of Sheffield further develops the concept of orphanization as a way of understanding contemporary changes in the biopharmaceutical sector: www.sheffield.ac.uk/ihuman/our-work/biosocial-humans/orphanisation-home