Extent and dynamics of the remunicipalisation of public services

Figures & data

Table 1. Distribution of remunicipalisation cases by country and sector.

Country	Total Cases	Water	Energy	Waste	Health Care & Social Services	Transport	Other
Germany	257	21	175	12	20	1	28
France	168	116	3	3	0	21	25
Spain	117	39	2	12	13	2	49
United Kingdom	105	2	1	15	11	10	66
United States	91	75	5	0	2	0	9
Australia	49	8	1	1	14	7	18
Norway	39	0	0	19	15	0	5
Canada	35	8	0	7	1	3	16
Denmark	29	0	0	12	5	1	11
Japan	17	0	3	0	2	0	12
Argentina	14	8	0	1	2	0	3
The Netherlands	14	0	0	3	0	3	8
Italy	13	4	0	0	2	0	7
Austria	12	0	1	0	0	4	7
Other (40)	92	52	17	9	4	5	5
Total	1052	333	208	94	91	57	269

18 cases still to be implemented by the beginning of 2024.

Source: Adapted from Álvarez-Verdugo and Bel, (forthcoming) and updated with Public Futures Database.

Figure 1. Based on Álvarez-Verdugo and Bel, (forthcoming) and updated with data in ‘public futures’.

There are 18 additional cases in which remunicipalisation has been formally decided and that are expected to be implemented after 2023.

Álvarez-Verdugo, M., and G. Bel. Forthcoming. “Remunicipalization: Are We Heading to a New ‘Progressive Era’?” In Unwinding Privatization: Remunicipalism and the Public Interest, edited by A. Alexander, E. McKenzie, and M. Pagano. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press.

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