Figures & data
Figure 1. Effect of HFD on mouse physiology
C57BL/6 J male mice were independently housed and fed either Normal Diet (ND) or High Fat Diet (HFD) for 10 weeks, as described in Materials and Methods. (a) The weight of mice in each group was measured every 3 days. The average of each group was calculated; the graph represents means ± SEM. (b) The weight of TA, Quad, EDL, and SOL muscles was measured. The graphs represent means ± SEM (n = 4). (c, d) Serum glucose levels (c) and NEFA levels (d) were evaluated as described in Materials and Methods. The graphs represent the means ± SEM (*p < 0.05, n = 4).
Figure 2. Effect of HFD on CXCL10 expression and secretion in mouse skeletal muscles
C57BL/6 J mice were independently housed and fed either with Normal Diet (ND) or High Fat Diet (HFD) for 10 weeks as described. (a) The total RNA was isolated from each skeletal muscle (TA, Quad, EDL, and SOL) and Cxcl10 expression was measured by qPCR analysis. The graphs represent the means ± SEM (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n = 4). (b) Serum levels of CXCL10 were measured as described in Materials and Methods. The graph represents the means ± SEM (n = 8–9).
Figure 3. Effect of glucose on CXCL10 expression and secretion in C2C12 myotubes
Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were cultured in differentiation medium (DM) either glucose free (GF, 0.0 g/L glucose), or containing low glucose (LG, 1.0 g/L glucose) or high glucose (HG, 4.5 g/L glucose) for 24 h. (a) The cell lysates were analyzed by western blotting using anti-phospho or total AMPK antibodies. The graph represents the means ± SEM and different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05, n = 5). (b) Total RNA from the cells was purified and Cxcl10 expression was evaluated by qPCR analysis. The graph represents the means ± SEM and different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05, n = 6). (c) The cell culture supernatants were collected and the concentration of CXCL10 was analyzed using ELISA. The graph represents the means ± SEM and different letters indicate statistically significant differences between groups (p < 0.05, n = 5–9).
Figure 4. Effect of palmitic and/or palmitoleic acid on CXCL10 secretion and expression in C2C12 myotubes
Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were cultured in differentiation medium (DM) containing different concentrations of palmitic (C16:0) and/or palmitoleic acid (C16:1) for 24 h. (a) Total RNA from the cells was purified and Cox2 expression was evaluated by qPCR analysis. The graph represents the means ± SEM (**p < 0.01, n = 3). (b) Total RNA from the cells was purified and Cxcl10 expression was evaluated by qPCR analysis. The graph represents the means ± SEM (**p < 0.01, n = 3). (c) The cell culture supernatants were collected and the concentration of CXCL10 was analyzed using ELISA. The graph represents the means ± SEM (**p < 0.01, n = 4).
Supplemental material