An intelligent partial charging navigation strategy for electric vehicles

Figures & data

Table 1. Notation for description of energy consumption function.

Symbol	Actual meaning
$\mathit{ECR}$	Energy consumption rate (W-h/km)
$\mathit{A}$	Vehicle frontal area (${\mathrm{m}}^2$)
$\mathit{\rho }$	Air density (kg/${\mathrm{m}}^3$)
$C_d$	Air drag coefficient
$\mathit{\upsilon }$	Speed (m/s)
$\mathit{d}$	Travel distance (m)
$\mathit{W}$	Mass (kg)
$\mathit{f}$	Load (kg)
$\mathit{g}$	Gravitational acceleration
$C_r$	Rolling friction coefficient
$\mathit{\varphi }$	Road angle(°)
${\alpha }_{\mathit{Dr}}$ ${\beta }_{\mathit{Dr}}$ ${\gamma }_{\mathit{Dr}}$	Constant coefficient related to vehicle type
$C_{\mathit{Dr}}$	Power consumption of transmission system
	When the vehicle is stationary
$P_{\mathit{A}/C}$	Power of air conditioning system (W)
$P_{\mathit{others}}$	Other auxiliary power system power (W)

Figure 1. Example of traffic conditions becoming congested after reaching charging station.

Figure 2. Example of traffic conditions remaining unchanged after reaching charging station.

Figure 3. Example of traffic conditions becoming smooth after reaching charging station.

Figure 4. Piecewise approximation of charging curve.

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of a simple road network.

Table 2. Example of chromosome structure.

Node number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
Priority	7	3	4	6	2	5	8	10	1	9	11

Figure 6. Charging navigation flow chart.

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of road network structure.

Table 3. Charging station properties.

Charging station	Corresponding node	Arrival intensity	Service intensity	Number of charging piles
1	18	8	4	4
2	22	4	4	8
3	26	3	4	6
4	29	10	4	4

Table 4. Parameters of Tesla Mode3.

Parameters	Value
Long × wide × high(mm)	4694 × 1850 × 1443
Curb weight(kg)	1761
Wheelbase(mm)	2857
Battery energy(kWh)	78.4
{power consumption(kWh/100km)	13.2
Range(km)	675

Figure 8. Changes in travel time and remaining SoC.

Table 5. Components of travel time.

Initial SOC	Driving time(min)	Waiting time(min)	Charging time(min)	Charging station	Total time(min)
39%	176.0	5.0	10.0	26	191.0
25%	178.9	5.0	28.0	18	211.9

Figure 9. Travel time curve with dynamic and static traffic condition.

Figure 10. Planned routes under different traffic condition characteristics.

Table 6. Comparison of results considering traffic condition changes.

Initial SOC	Traffic attributes	Driving time(min)	Waiting time(min)	Charging time(min)	Travel time(min)
100%	Dynamic	175.2	–	–	175.2
	Static	227.6	–	–	227.6
10%	Dynamic	178.9	5.0	28.0	211.9
	Static	204.3	15.0	36.5	255.8

Figure 11. Convergence graph of genetic algorithm.

Figure 12. The comparison of running time.

Figure 13. The comparison of travel time.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [[email protected]], upon reasonable request.