Stage 2 Registered Report: Parental and Children’s Religiosity in Early Childhood: Implications for Transmission

Figures & data

Table 1. Reason for missing child data.

Reasons for missing child data	n	%
Communication problems detected during tasks^a	8	25.00
No parent consent for child participation	12	37.50
No consent from the child	7	21.88
Children were absent during data collection	4	12.50
lost data	1	3.13
TOTAL	32

^aNote: This represents non-verbal children or those unable to engage with the initial tasks, though stickers and vouchers were provided.

Figure 1. Conceptual model of the association between parental religiosity and children’s religiosity in early childhood moderated by age, internalized parental religious motivation, active parental-child involvement, and credibility-enhancing displays. (covariates not depicted for readability; (parental variables): parental gender, socioeconomic status, parental education, nationality; (child developmental variables): communication skills, theory of mind task).

Table 2. The means (total mean), standard deviations, ranges for all numerical study variables and controls.

	Valid	Missing	Mean	SD	Range
Parental Age	234	1	34.78	5.26	30
Parental Education	232	3	3.16	1.80	6
Parental Occupation	226	9	1.81	0.39	1
SES	234	1	5.72	1.40	8
Parental Religious Social Identity	231	4	17.80	4.58	20
Parental prayer frequency	232	3	1.47	0.57	2
Parental pray concept	230	5	14.7	3.85	16
Parental God concept	213	22	34.37	7.46	36
Parental Active Child Involvement	162	73	15.84	4.07	16.8
Parental Religious Motivation	190	45	54.17	5.90	25.85
Credibility Enhancing Displays	229	6	29.50	6.74	42
Child’s Age	235	0	4.15	0.97	3
Theory of Mind	235	0	0.83	0.88	2
Communication Score	233	2	1.98	0.09	0.5
Child Religious Social Identity	230	5	6	2.17	10
Child pray concept	232	3	10.22	2.06	14
Child God concept	233	2	5.166	2.62	12
Z score Parental Religiousness	212	23	0.02	0.81	4.45
Z score Children’s Religiousness	226	9	0.02	0.67	3.39

Table 3. Bivariate correlations and descriptive statistics of all study variables.

	Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18
1.	Parent Age	–
2.	Parental Education	0.14*	–
3.	SES	0.09	0.37**	–
4.	Parental Social Identity	0.12	0.15*	0.10	–
5.	Parental pray frequency	0.18**	0.13*	0.04	0.45**	–
6.	Parental pray concept	0.18**	0.10	−0.01	0.55**	.56**	–
7.	Parental God concept	0.07	0.24**	0.09	0.47**	.31**	.43**	–
8.	Parental Religious Motivation	0.06	0.15*	−0.03	0.33**	.17*	.32**	.44**	–
9.	Active Parental-Child Involvement	−0.01	0.03	−0.01	0.41**	0.26**	0.30**	0.22	0.08	–
10.	Credibility enhancing Display	0.12	0.14*	0.01	0.68**	0.53**	0.53**	0.41**	0.32**	0.45**	–
11.	Child Age	0.12	−0.11	−0.04	−0.09	−0.04	−0.06	−0.04	−0.18*	0.11	−0.08	–
12.	Theory of Mind (TOM)	0.04	−0.06	−0.13*	−0.15*	0.04	0.00	−0.04	−0.07	0.11	−0.01	0.37**	–
13.	Communication scale	−0.02	−0.02	−0.03	0.00	−0.03	−0.03	0.05	0.13	0.07	0.02	0.08	0.12	–
14.	Child Religious Social Identity	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.01	0.08	0.06	−0.01	−0.03	0.02	0.02	0.19**	0.10	0.02	–
15.	Child Prayer Concept	0.18**	0.07	0.03	0.02	0.08	−0.02	0.10	0.04	0.16*	0.03	0.15*	0.01	0.00	0.20**	–
16.	Child God concept	0.20**	−0.03	0.03	−0.07	−0.02	0.02	0.01	−0.03	0.06	−0.12	0.43**	0.33**	0.09	0.19**	0.22**	–
17.	Parental Religiosity	0.16*	0.22**	0.07	.83**	0.55**	0.82**	0.79**	0.47**	0.38**	0.67**	−0.08	−0.07	0.01	0.03	0.05	−0.04	–
18.	Child Religiosity	0.20**	0.06	0.05	−0.03	0.05	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.08	−0.04	0.40**	0.22**	0.06	0.70**	0.67**	0.68**	0.00	–
	M	34.78	3.16	5.72	17.80	1.47	14.70	34.37	54.18	15.84	29.50	4.15	0.83	1.99	6.00	10.22	5.17	0.02	0.02
	SD	5.26	1.80	1.40	4.58	0.57	3.85	7.46	5.90	4.07	6.74	0.97	0.88	0.09	2.17	2.06	2.63	0.81	0.67
	N	234	232	234	231	232	230	213	190	162	229	235	235	233	230	232	233	212	226

Note. Correlation significant at *p < .05, **p < .01 (2-tailed).

Table 4. Child’s age, parental internalized religious motivation, active parental-child involvement, parental credibility enhancing displays as moderators of the relationship between parental religiosity and child religiosity, and covariates.

Variable	B	SE B	β	t	p value
(Constant)	2.53	2.77		0.91	0.36
Parental Religiosity	0.02	0.16	0.02	0.13	0.90
Child’s age	0.52	0.13	0.47	4.13	<0.001
Parental Internalized Religious Motivation	0.01	0.02	0.07	0.64	0.53
Active parental-child Involvement	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.48	0.64
Parental credibility-enhancing displays	−0.02	0.03	−0.08	−0.60	0.55
Parental Religiosity*Child’s Age	−0.02	0.16	0.01	0.11	0.91
Parental Religiosity*Parental Internalized Religious Motivation	−0.03	0.03	−0.13	−0.99	0.32
Parental Religiosity*Active Parental-Child involvement	−0.07	0.06	−0.16	−1.16	0.25
Parental Religiosity*Parental credibility-enhancing displays	0.01	0.03	0.06	0.40	0.69
Communication score	−1.34	1.33	−0.10	−1.01	0.32
Theory of Mind score	0.06	0.13	0.05	0.48	0.63
Parent Nationality	0.17	0.13	0.14	1.33	0.19
Parental Education	0.02	0.06	0.04	0.39	0.70
Parental Gender	−0.03	0.30	−0.01	−0.11	0.91
SES	−0.01	0.09	−0.01	−0.11	0.92

Note. R² = .309, F = 0.439, p = 0.851.

Figure 2. Plot of Children’s age and children’s religiosity with error bars: 95% CI.

Figure 3. Plot of TOM and children’s god concept with error bars: 95% CI.

Figure 4. Plot of parental age group and children’s religiosity with error bars: 95% CI. (n of age groups).

Data availability statement

Data that support the findings of this study will be openly available at https://osf.io/w7h3f/?view_only=f06bd9d2ab6b4617893d3e2f0a971937.