Are There Sustained Effects of a Preschool Shared-Reading Intervention Addressing Dual Language Learners?

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics at pretest, immediate posttest and delayed posttest: means, standard deviations, sample sizes, effect sizes and reliabilities.

Variable		Intervention group									Control group
	α	n	Pre		Immediate post		Delayed post		ES delayed-post	ES delayed-pre	n	Pre		Immediate post		Delayed post		ES delayed-post	ES delayed-pre
			M	SD	M	SD	M	SD				M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
BPVS-2	.93	210	28.52	13.58	37.75	14.09	44.10	13.70	0.46	1.14	185	25.79	13.37	34.35	13.40	42.04	14.04	0.56	1.19
VOC_REC	.74	213	15.30	5.70	22.73	6.89	23.45	6.97	0.10	1.29	185	14.46	5.60	17.90	5.43	20.10	6.01	0.38	0.97
VOC_EXP	.88	207	0.85	1.50	2.67	2.79	3.02	2.55	0.13	1.07	178	0.68	1.53	1.44	2.07	2.26	2.28	0.38	0.83
VOC_SPON	-	198	0.07	0.25	0.25	0.49	0.31	0.55	0.12	0.60	163	0.05	0.22	0.12	0.35	0.20	0.40	0.21	0.48
TROG-2	.76	214	6.78	3.20	8.78	2.45	9.17	2.64	0.15	0.82	179	6.35	2.98	7.81	2.65	8.91	2.38	0.44	0.96
HUG_NARR	.86	198	3.95	3.13	8.75	4.19	9.56	3.82	0.20	1.61	163	3.34	3.47	7.34	4.46	8.07	4.23	0.17	1.23
MAIN_NARR	.76	199	2.40	2.32	3.44	2.29	3.65	2.11	0.10	0.56	165	1.76	2.32	2.72	2.15	3.04	1.99	0.15	0.59
MAIN_INTERNAL	.80	199	1.55	1.68	2.50	1.76	3.15	1.51	0.40	1.00	167	1.11	1.54	1.82	1.80	2.74	1.54	0.55	1.06
EMOTION_COMP	.61	194	2.25	1.34	3.05	1.19	3.48	0.77	0.44	1.17	150	2.03	1.36	2.71	1.28	3.27	1.01	0.49	1.05
HUG_PERSP		133	0.50	0.81	1.14	1.07	1.38	1.12	0.22	0.91	100	0.42	0.79	0.80	0.93	1.22	1.06	0.42	0.86

Note. BPVS-2 = British Picture Vocabulary Scale −2, VOC_REC = VOC_RECEPTIVE, VOC_EXP = VOC_EXPRESSIVE, VOC_SPON = VOC_SPONTANEUS USE, Trog-2 = TEST for reception of grammar, HUG_NARR = HUG narrative test, MAIN_NARR = MAIN narrative test, MAIN_INTERNAL = MAIN internal state comprehension, EMOTION_COMP = TEC test of emotion comprehension, HUG_PERS = HUG perspective shifting. ES delayed – post = Effect size from delayed post assessment to immediate post assessment, ES delayed – pre = Effect size from delayed post assessment to pre-intervention assessment. n based on listwise deletion.

Table 2. Standardized factor loadings for the autoregressive measurement model for pretest, immediate posttest and delayed posttest.

Variable	Pretest			Immediate posttest			Delayed posttest
	Estimate	SE	t-value	Estimate	SE	t-value	Estimate	SE	t-value
Vocabulary
BPVS-2	.75	.04	19.02	.86	.03	32.05	.84	.02	47.42
VOC_REC	.83	.04	22.81	.89	.02	37.75	.87	.01	61.53
VOC_EXP	.77	.03	25.20	.68	.03	21.41	.66	.03	24.62
VOC_SPONT	.47	.04	10.70	.34	.04	8.97	.30	.03	8.63
Grammar
TROG_C	.81	.07	12.21	.74	.05	15.33	.71	.03	24.17
TROG_D	.78	.07	11.96	.71	.05	15.18	.66	.03	22.29
TROG_E	.78	.06	12.37	.73	.05	16.40	.67	.03	23.24
Narrative
HUG_NARR	.88	.06	13.81	.69	.05	13.17	.70	.03	21.24
MAIN_NARR	.70	.06	10.94	.76	.05	14.14	.79	.03	28.58
Perspective taking
MAIN_INTERNAL	.64	.05	14.29	.65	.04	15.68	.63	.04	17.21
EMOTION_COMP	.58	.04	13.56	.60	.04	15.09	.64	.03	19.37
HUG_PERSP	.46	.05	9.59	.39	.05	8.52	.31	.04	8.52

Note. BPVS-2 = British Picture Vocabulary Scale −2, VOC_REC = VOC_RECEPTIVE, VOC_EXP = VOC_EXPRESSIVE, VOC_SPON = VOC_SPONTANEUS USE, TROG_C, TROG_D, TROG_E = Trog TEST for reception of grammar, sets C-E, HUG_NARR = HUG narrative test, MAIN_NARR = MAIN narrative test, MAIN_INTERNAL = MAIN internal state comprehension, EMOTION_COMP = TEC test of emotion comprehension, HUG_PERS = HUG perspective shifting.

Table 3. Standardized total and total indirect effects of treatment on latent variables.

Latent variable	Effect	Estimate	SE	t-value	p-value
Vocabulary
	Total	0.174	0.035	5.053	.000
	Total indirect	0.299	0.035	8.583	.000
Grammar
	Total	−0.014	0.045	−0.316	.752
	Total indirect	0.118	0.038	3.085	.002
Narrative
	Total	0.086	0.045	1.918	.055
	Total indirect	0.063	0.040	1.550	.121
Perspective taking
	Total	0.122	0.051	2.424	.015
	Total indirect	0.175	0.049	3.588	.000

Table 4. Standardized factor loadings at pretest, immediate posttest and delayed posttest for intercept and slope for observed variables.

Observed variable	Intercept		Slope
	Estimate	t-value	Estimate	t-value
VOC_REC
Pre	0.72	16.55
Immediate Post	0.64	15.34	0.21	4.73
Delayed Post	0.62	13.07	0.42	4.60
VOC_EXP
Pre	0.76	10.71
Immediate Post	0.53	8.62	0.28	5.64
Delayed Post	0.48	8.31	0.50	5.27
BPVS-2
Pre	0.84	28.52
Immediate Post	0.83	27.56	0.13	1.42
Delayed Post	0.81	21.93	0.25	1.42
VOC_SPONT
Pre	0.88	6.61
Immediate Post	0.49	5.59	0.47	9.88
Delayed Post	0.43	5.49	0.81	9.65
HUG_NARR
Pre	0.72	11.27
Immediate Post	0.55	10.94	0.19	2.51
Delayed Post	0.58	9.57	0.40	2.42
MAIN_NARR
Pre	0.74	16.26
Immediate Post	0.79	16.93	0.20	2.43
Delayed Post	0.82	14.84	0.42	2.40
MAIN_INTERNAL
Pre	0.79	19.45
Immediate Post	0.79	18.73	0.28	4.84
Delayed Post	0.81	18.34	0.57	4.80
EMOTION_COMP
Pre	0.79	16.85
Immediate Post	0.80	17.12	0.36	7.64
Delayed Post	0.88	15.20	0.80	7.22
HUG_PERSP
Pre	0.56	4.21
Immediate Post	0.46	3.97	0.27	2.44
Delayed Post	0.41	4.00	0.48	2.47

Note. BPVS-2 = British Picture Vocabulary Scale −2, VOC_REC = VOC_RECEPTIVE, VOC_EXP = VOC_EXPRESSIVE, VOC_SPON = VOC_SPONTANEUS USE, HUG_NARR = HUG narrative test, MAIN_NARR = MAIN narrative test, MAIN_INTERNAL = MAIN internal state comprehension, EMOTION_COMP = TEC test of emotion comprehension, HUG_PERS = HUG perspective shifting. Non-significant findings in italics.

Table 5. Standardized factor loadings for second-order intercept and slope for observed variables.

Second-order intercept			Second-order slope
Variable	Estimate	t-value	Variable	Estimate	t-value
Vocabulary			Vocabulary
BPVS-2	1.00	29.92	BPVS-2	0.09	0.42
VOC_REC	1.03	18.69	VOC_REC	0.80	3.73
VOC_EXP	0.93	10.24	VOC_EXP	0.76	4.52
VOC_SPONT	0.36	4.69	VOC_SPONT	0.40	4.18
Narrative			Narrative
HUG_NARR	1.08	11.35	HUG_NARR	1.91	2.13
MAIN_NARR	0.97	17.23	MAIN_NARR	0.82	2.30
Perspective-taking
HUG_PERSP	0.81	4.18
EMOTION_COMP	0.75	13.51
MAIN_INTERNAL	0.84	17.93

Note. BPVS-2 = British Picture Vocabulary Scale −2, VOC_REC = VOC_RECEPTIVE, VOC_EXP = VOC_EXPRESSIVE, VOC_SPON = VOC_SPONTANEUS USE, HUG_NARR = HUG narrative test, MAIN_NARR = MAIN narrative test, MAIN_INTERNAL = MAIN internal state comprehension, EMOTION_COMP = TEC test of emotion comprehension, HUG_PERSP = HUG perspective shifting.