Populist by a distance: a relational framework for unifying ideology, rhetoric, and leadership style in populism studies

Figures & data

Figure 1. A two-level framework of populist theories: categorical and relational.

Note: p = populist

Figure 2. Populism as ideology: relational distance from an implied center.

Figure 3. Populism as discourse: rhetorical positioning of elites and others in regard to the people.

Figure 4. Populism as leadership style: emotional proximity to the people.