Advisor familiness and entrepreneurial orientation in the tourism industry: the moderating role of entrepreneurs’ gender, education, and age

Figures & data

Figure 1. The conceptual framework.

The conceptual framework showing the hypotheses.

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlations.

Variable	Mean	S.D.	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Previous Industry	0.74	0.44
2. Serial Entrepreneurship	1.58	1.26	-.01
3. Marital Status	0.33	0.47	-.05	-.08
4. Equity Share	2.97	1.03	.05	.11*	-.12*
5. Advice Frequency	2.72	1.18	.02	-.17**	.02	-.12
6. Firm Size	20.2	42	.04	-.05	-.02	-.12*	.02
7. Advisor Age	39.28	9.5	.13	-.05	-.13**	.03	.00	.04
8. Advisor Familiness	2.43	1.18	.06	-.14**	-.07	.03	.18**	-.02	.28**
9. Gender	0.40	0.49	.00	-.04	-.01	.04	.05	-.08	.10	.08
10. Age	33.2	7.73	.03	.21**	-.54**	.10	-.09*	.09	.30**	.02	-.03
11. Education Level	3.70	0.74	.10	-.19**	.13*	-.17**	-.05	.19**	-.06	-.07	-.04	-.24**

n = 447; *p < .05; **p < .01

Table 2 . CFA results of EO.

EO
Risk taking (AVE = 0.663, CR = 0.794)
Item Loading
1. People in our business are encouraged to take calculated risks with new ideas. 0.692
2. Our business emphasises both exploration and experimentation for opportunities. 0.921
Innovativeness (AVE = 0.627, CR = 0.834)
1. We actively introduce improvements and innovations in our business. 0.717
2. Our business is creative in its methods of operation. 0.834
3. Our business seeks out new ways to do things. 0.820
Proactiveness (AVE = 0.637, CR = 0.841)
1. We always try to take the initiative in every situation (e.g. against competitors, in projects when working with others). 0.779
2. We excel at identifying opportunities. 0.837
3. We initiate actions to which other organisations respond. 0.779

Table 3 . The regression results.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	B (SE)	Beta (sig)	B (SE)	Beta (sig)	B (SE)	Beta (sig)
(Constant)	5.09*** (0.25)	(0.000)	4.79*** (0.26)	(0.000)	4.97*** (0.26)	(0.000)
Previous Industry	0.29** (0.09)	0.15 (0.00)	0.25* (0.09)	0.13 (0.006)	0.24* (0.09)	0.12 (0.008)
Serial	0.03 (0.03)	0.04 (0.89)	0.04 (0.03)	0.06 (0.23)	0.03 (0.03)	0.04 (0.39)
Marriage	0.20 (0.09)	0.11 (0.02)	0.14 (0.10)	0.08 (0.17)	0.12 (0.10)	0.06 (0.24)
Equity Share	−0.03 (0.04)	−0.03 (0.51)	−0.002 (0.04)	−0.002 (0.96)	0.01 (0.04)	0.01 (0.9)
Advice Frequency	−0.02 (0.04)	−0.02 (0.65)	0.01 (0.04)	0.02 (0.75)	−0.007 (0.04)	−0.01 (0.83)
Advisor Age	−0.008 (0.04)	−0.08 (0.08)	−0.003 (0.005)	−0.03 (0.55)	−0.006 (0.005)	−0.06 (0.21)
Firm Size	0.00** (0.00)	0.13 (0.01)	0.002* (0.001)	0.10 (0.03)	0.002* (0.001)	0.12 (0.01)
Familiness			−0.11** (0.04 )	−0.15 (0.003)	−0.09* (0.04)	−0.12 (0.01)
Gender			0.001 (0.08)	0.00 (0.99)	−0.02 (0.08)	−0.01 (0.82)
Age			−0.003 (0.007)	−0.02 (0.70)	−0.004 (0.01 )	−0.03 (0.59)
Education Level			0.19** (0.06)	0.16 (0.001)	0.17** (0.06 )	0.14 (0.003)
Familiness X Gender					0.25*** (0.07)	0.17 (0.00)
Familiness X Age					−0.01* (0.004)	−0.10 (0.04)
Familiness X Educatiovn					0.12* (0.05)	0.12 (0.01)
R2	.059	.104	.157
R2 Adjusted	.044	.081	.129
Model F	3.919	4.545	5.702

N = 447; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. Beta: Standardised coefficients.

Figure 2. Interaction Plot between Advisor Familiness and Gender. I

nteraction plot between advisor familiness and gender showing that gender attenuates the familiness-EO relationship.

Figure 3. Interaction Plot between Advisor Familiness and Education Level.

Interaction plot between advisor familiness and education level showing that education level attenuates the familiness-EO relationship.

Figure 4. Interaction Plot between Advisor Familiness and Age.

Interaction plot between advisor familiness and age showing that age strengthens the familiness-EO relationship.

Data availability statement

Data can be supplied upon reasonable request.