Hemodynamic gain index and risk of ventricular arrhythmias: a prospective cohort study

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants overall and by ventricular arrhythmias.

Characteristics	Overall (n = 1945) Mean ± SD or median (IQR)	With VA (n = 75) Mean ± SD or median (IQR)	Without VA (n = 1870) Mean ± SD or median (IQR)	p value
Hemodynamic gain index, bpm/mmHg	2.53 ± 1.05	2.24 ± 0.98	2.54 ± 1.06	0.017
CRF, mL/kg/min	30.5 ± 7.9	28.5 ± 7.2	30.6 ± 8.0	0.026
Resting heart rate on bicycle, bpm	62 ± 11	62 ± 11	62 ± 11	0.99
Peak heart rate on bicycle, bpm	155 ± 25	150 ± 28	156 ± 25	0.044
Resting SBP on bicycle, mmHg	150 ± 22	156 ± 25	150 ± 22	0.011
Peak SBP on bicycle, mmHg	203 ± 28	203 ± 32	203 ± 27	0.90
Heart rate recovery in 2 min, bpm	183 ± 28	187 ± 31	183 ± 27	0.21
SBP 2 min recovery, mmHg	91 ± 16	97 ± 13	91 ± 16	0.002
DBP 2 min recovery, mmHg	38 ± 13	36 ± 15	38 ± 13	0.29
Age, yr	53 ± 5	54 ± 4	53 ± 5	0.035
Body mass index, kg/m^2	26.9 ± 3.4	27.2 ± 3.0	26.9 ± 3.5	0.45
Alcohol consumption, g/week	32.4 (6.4, 93.5)	33.2 (9.1, 78.6)	32.4 (6.4, 94.0)	0.95
Physical activity, KJ/day	1179 (628, 1988)	1360 (617, 2171)	1177 (630, 1962)	0.57
Current smoking	622 (32.0%)	22 (29.3)	600 (32.1%)	0.62
History of type 2 diabetes	69 (3.6%)	4 (5.3%)	65 (3.5%)	0.39
History of hypertension	580 (29.8%)	30 (40.0%)	550 (29.4%)	0.049
History of coronary heart disease	452 (23.2%)	23 (30.7%)	429 (22.9%)	0.12
Total cholesterol, mmol/l	5.92 ± 1.08	6.09 ± 1.22	5.91 ± 1.08	0.16
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/l	88.2 ± 17.0	1.22 ± 0.30	1.28 ± 0.30	0.090

BMI, body mass index; CRF, cardiorespiratory fitness; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VA, ventricular arrhythmia.

Figure 1. Association of hemodynamic gain index with ventricular arrhythmias.

HGI, hemodynamic gain index; ref, reference;

Model 1: Adjusted for age;

Model 2: Model 1 plus total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, history of hypertension and alcohol consumption;

Model 3: Age, smoking status, prevalent type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease and physical activity;

Model 4: Age, smoking status, prevalent type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease and cardiorespiratory fitness