Dose pulmonary hemorrhage increase the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants?

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of this study.

Table 1. Comparison of perinatal history between pulmonary hemorrhage group and non-pulmonary hemorrhage group.

	PH group (n = 35)	Non-PH group (n = 190)	χ^2/t/Z	p value
Maternal data
Maternal age (Mean ± SD, years)	32.09 ± 6.30	30.71 ± 4.48	1.222	.229
Full course of prenatal glucocorticoid^a [n (%)]	8 (22.9)	72 (37.9)	2.917	.088
Fetal distress [n (%)]	6 (17.1)	14 (7.4)	2.384	.123
Amniotic fluid turbidity [n (%)]	4 (11.4)	21 (11.1)	0.000	1.000
Cesarean section [n (%)]	22 (62.9)	93 (48.9)	2.289	.130
Maternal diabetes^b [n (%)]	5 (14.3)	27 (14.2)	0.000	1.000
Maternal hypertension^c [n (%)]	6 (17.1)	25 (13.2)	0.131	.718
PROM > 18 h [n (%)]	13 (37.1)	17 (8.9)	17.966	.0002
Neonatal data
Tracheal intubation in the delivery room [n (%)]	24 (68.6)	72 (37.9)	11.370	.001
Apgar score at 1 min (Median + quartile)	7.00 (6.50, 8.00)	7.00 (5.00, 8.00)	−0.864	.388
Apgar score at 5 min (Median + quartile)	8.00 (8.00, 9.00)	8.00 (7.00, 9.00)	−0.214	.830
Birthweight (Mean ± SD, grams)	1165.14 ± 165.02	1181.76 ± 275.22	−0.346	.730
Male [n (%)]	21 (60.0)	110 (57.9)	0.054	.816
Gestational age (Mean ± SD, weeks)	29.24 ± 186	28.89 ± 1.79	1.068	.287
Small for gestational age [n (%)]	5 (14.3)	16 (8.4)	0.608	.435

PROM: premature rupture of membranes.

^aPrenatal glucocorticoid use refers to the full course of treatment / (those who have not applied and have not completed the full course of treatment).

^bMaternal diabetes includes diabetes in pregnancy and gestational diabetes.

^cMaternal hypertension refers to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy.

Table 2. Comparison of main diagnoses and therapies between pulmonary hemorrhage group and non-pulmonary hemorrhage group.

	PH group (n = 35)	Non-PH group (n = 190)	χ^2/Z	p value
Main diagnosis
Grade III-IV RDS [n (%)]	23 (65.7)	34 (17.9)	35.730	.0002
Medically and surgically treated PDA [n (%)]	20 (57.1)	42 (22.1)	18.176	.0002
Early onset sepsis [n (%)]	18 (51.4)	26 (13.7)	26.766	.0002
Therapy for respiratory diseases
Use of surfactant [n (%)]	29 (82.9)	146 (76.8)	0.619	.432
More than one dose of surfactant [n (%)]	25 (71.4)	33 (17.4)	45.145	.0002
Duration of caffeine application (Median + quartile, days)	40 (30, 52)	35 (21, 47)	−2.006	.045
Duration of invasive ventilation (Median + quartile, days)	264 (137, 448)	108.5 (64, 240)	−4.213	.0003
Duration of noninvasive ventilation (Median + quartile, days)	344 (177.75, 648)	456 (168, 744)	−0.217	.828
Course of invasive ventilation (≥3 courses) [n (%)]	6 (17.1)	9 (4.7)	5.453	.020
Course of noninvasive ventilation (≥3 courses) [n (%)]	7 (20.0)	17 (8.9)	2.718	.099

RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.

Table 3. Comparison of main outcomes between pulmonary hemorrhage group and non-pulmonary hemorrhage group.

	PH group (n = 35)	Non-PH group (n = 190)	χ2/Z/Fisher	p value
BPD [n (%)]	28 (80.0)	107 (56.3)	6.908	.009
Moderate to severe BPD [n (%)]	18 (64.3)	43 (40.2)	5.204	.023
Length of hospital stay (Mean ± SD, days)	67.21 ± 21.46	56.92 ± 18.83	2.871	.004
Pneumothorax [n (%)]	0 (0.0)	1 (0.5)	/	1.000
NEC (≥ grade II) [n (%)]	5 (14.3)	12 (6.3)	1.668	.197
ROP [n (%)]	8 (22.9)	28 (14.7)	1.450	.229
IVH (≥grade III) [n (%)]	4 (11.4)	4 (2.1)	5.020	.025

BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage.

Table 4. Binary logistic regression analysis between pulmonary hemorrhage and BPD.

	Crude OR	95%CI	p value	Adjusted OR	95%CI	p value
All BPD	3.103	1.292–7.454	.011	1.710	0.581–5.039	.330
Moderate to severe BPD	2.679	1.129–6.358	.025	2.401	0.736–7.834	.147

BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Data availability statement

The dataset used during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.