Governmental Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the COPD Exacerbation and Respiratory Infection Rate in Patients with Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic and baseline characteristics.

Age years
Mean ± SD	53.4 ± 8.7
Median [IQR]	56.0 [46-61]
Sex
Men	12 (63.2)
Women	7 (36.8)
Genotype
ZZ	17 (89.5)
Z/Rare	1 (5.26)
Rare/Rare	1 (5.26)
BMI kg·cm^-2
Mean ± SD	21.7 ± 2.3
Median [IQR]	24.1 [22.8-27.0]
FEV1 L
Mean ± SD	2.36 ± 0.59
Median [IQR]	2.36 [1.84-2.91]
FEV1 % predicted
Mean ± SD	64.4 ± 9.0
Median [IQR]	64.5 [53.9-72.4]
DLCO % predicted
Mean ± SD	57.8 ± 7.3
Median [IQR]	61 [52-64]
Concomitant medication
LAMA	17 (89.5)
LABA	16 (84.2)
ICS	14 (73.7)
Antibiotic prophylaxis	2 (10.5)
Oxygen users at study entry	2 (10.5)

Data are presented as n (%) if not otherwise indicated. IQR: interquartile range; ZZ: homozygous Z AAT allele; Z/Rare: heterozygous Z AAT allele and heterozygous rare AAT allele; Rare/Rare: homozygous rare allele; BMI: body mass index; FEV₁: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; D_LCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonist; LABA: long-acting β2 agonist; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid. D_LCO corrected for hemoglobin and normalized to healthy subjects.

Table 2. Stringency index average and sum of respiratory infections and exacerbations per month.

Month and Year	Stringency Index average	Participants	RI and exacerbations (incl. SARS-CoV-2)	RI and exacerbations (excl. SARS-CoV-2)	Rate RI and exacerbations^a (incl. SARS-CoV-2)	Rate of RI and exacerbations^a (excl. SARS-CoV-2)
March 2020	45.9	9	0	0	0	0
April 2020	78.7	9	0	0	0	0
May 2020	73.7	9	0	0	0	0
June 2020	61.0	9	1	1	11,1	11.1
July 2020	45.4	11	0	0	0	0
August 2020	47.9	12	0	0	0	0
September 2020	50.8	14	1	1	7.1	7.1
October 2020	62.0	15	1	1	6.7	6.7
November 2020	62.6	17	2	2	11.7	11.7
December 2020	68.4	18	2	0	11.7	0
January 2021	79.6	19	1	1	5.3	5.3
February 2021	79.9	19	0	0	0	0
March 2021	75.0	19	1	0	5.3	0
April 2021	73.9	19	3	3	15.8	15.8
May 2021	67.7	19	1	1	5.3	5.3
June 2021	59.0	19	1	1	5.3	5.3
July 2021	36.7	19	1	1	5.3	5.3
August 2021	41.7	19	1	1	5.3	5.3
September 2021	41.7	19	7	7	36.8	36.8
October 2021	37.0	19	3	3	15.8	15.8
November 2021	42.9	19	3	3	15.8	15.8
December 2021	57.8	19	5	5	26.3	26.3
January 2022	58.2	19	3	0	15.8	0
February 2022	39.9	19	3	1	15.8	5.3

^a Rate of RI and exacerbations: (total respiratory infections and exacerbations/total participants) x 100. RI: respiratory infections; incl.: including; excl.: excluding.

Figure 1. Scatter plot of the respiratory infections and COPD exacerbations rate^a by the COVID-19 Stringency Index average per month in the autumn-winter months (A) SARS-CoV-2 infections included (B) SARS-CoV-2 infections excluded. All data points of graph a and B are shown in Table 2. ^aRespiratory infections and COPD exacerbations rate: (total respiratory infections and exacerbations/total participants) x 100.

Figure 2. Scatter plot of the respiratory infections and COPD exacerbations rate^a by the COVID-19 Stringency Index average per month including the spring-summer months (A) SARS-CoV-2 infections included (B) SARS-CoV-2 infections excluded. All data points of graph a and B are shown in Table 2. ^aRespiratory infections and COPD exacerbations rate: (total respiratory infections and exacerbations/total participants) x 100.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, Dr. Kappe. The data are not publicly available due to privacy and ethical restrictions.