Characterization of bio-lubricants with nanoparticles additives

Figures & data

Table 1. Main parameters and their levels considered for epoxidation reaction.

Sl.no.	Parameters	Values
1	Alcohol/Methyl Ester Molar Ratio	0.25: 1	0.25: 1.5	0.5: 1	0.5: 1.5
2	Temperature (°C)	50	60	70	80
3	Catalyst Concentrations (ml/100ml)	0.12	0.24	0.36	0.48

Figure 1. Removal of glycerol from bio-diesel.

Figure 2. Formation of aqueous layer.

Table 2. Physicochemical properties of jatropha and jojoba bio-lubricants (Cecilia et al. 2020; Mushtaq and Hanief 2021) and (Hassan, Hassan, and Youssif 2019.).

Sl.no.	Properties	Test Method	Jatropha Oil	Jatropha Bio-lubricant	Jojoba Oil	Jojoba Bio-lubricant
1	Density (Kg/m3)	ASTM D4052	895	918	864	872
2	Viscosity at 40°C (cSt)	ASTM D7042	35.4	43.9	22.507	27.384
3	Viscosity at 100°C (cSt)	ASTM D7042	7.9	8.71	6.163	7.116
4	Viscosity Index	ASTM D7042	205	180	247	242
5	Pour Point (ºC)	ASTM D5950	+8	−6	+9	+5
6	Flash point (ºC)	ASTM D92	186	325	150	238

Table 3. Uncertainty of the instruments used in the study.

Sl.no.	Parameter	Instrument	Uncertainty
1	Thermal stability	PerkinElmer’s TGA- 4000	±1°C
2	Dispersion properties of the nanoparticles	UV – Visible spectrometer Shimadzu − 1800 model	±.002 a.u.
3	Viscosity	Rheometer	±1% of reading
4	Wear rate	Nanoeva’s ST400 non-contact profilometer	±.1% of reading
5	Coefficient of friction	Anton Paar’s TRB^3 ball on disk	±.1% of reading

Table 4. Iodine values for different set of test samples.

Samples	Oil	Catalysts	Iodine Value (gI2/100g)
1	Raw Jatropha	–	110
2	Raw Jojoba		85
3	Epoxidized Jatropha	H2SO4	5
4	Epoxidized Jatropha	HCl	8
5	Epoxidized Jojoba	H2SO4	6
6	Epoxidized Jojoba	HCl	9

Table 5. Thermal stability data of different samples based on onset of degradation.

Samples	Oil	Onset Degradation (ºC)	First Weight loss (%)	Second Weight loss (%)	Third weight loss (%)	No Ash contents (°C)
1	JA	168	61.40	32.41	6.18	750
2	JO	178	62.00	37.99	–	770
3	EJA – H2SO4	238	60.56	39.43	–	700
4	EJA – HCl	224	57.98	34.18	7.74	900
5	EJO – H2SO4	230	55.52	44.47	–	700
6	EJO – HCl	244	53.76	46.23	–	550

Figure 3. TGA curve for JA.

Epoxidized Jatropha methyl ester with H2SO4 as catalyst (EJA-H2SO4)

Figure 4. TGA curve for JO.

Epoxidized Jojoba methyl ester with HCl as catalyst (EJO-HCl)

Figure 5. Tga curve for EJA-H₂SO₄.

Figure 6. Tga curve for EJO-HCl.

Table 6. Dispersion analysis of nanoparticle and TritonX-100 surfactant combinations.

Bio-lubricant	Catalyst	Catalyst Concentrations (ml/100ml)	Molar Ratio	Temperature (ºC)	Surfactant TritonX-100 (ml)	Nanoparticle		Dispersion (Mixing level)
						MWCNT	TiO2
Jatropha	H2SO4	0.48	0.5:1.5	70	1.25	1wt%	–	High
						–	1wt%	High
Jatropha	HCl	0.48	0.5:1.5	70	1.25	1wt%	–	High
						–	1wt%	High
Jojoba	H2SO4	0.48	0.5:1.5	60	1.25	1wt%	-	High
						–	1wt%	High
Jojoba	HCl	0.48	0.5:1.5	60	1.25	1wt%	–	High
						–	1wt%	High

Figure 7. EpoxidizedJatropha methyl ester with dispersion of MWCNT and TiO₂nanoparticles.

Figure 8. EpoxidizedJojoba methyl ester with dispersion of MWCNT and TiO₂nanoparticles.

Table 7. Wavelengths of jatropha methyl ester with MWCNT and TiO₂ nanoparticles.

Sl.no.	Oil	Catalyst	Nanoparticle	Wavelength (nm)	Absorbance (a.u.)
1	Jatropha	H2SO4	MWCNT	368	2.76
2			TiO2	372	2.52
3		HCl	MWCNT	376	2.36
4			TiO2	377	1.90

Table 8. Wavelengths of jojoba methyl ester with MWCNT and TiO₂ nanoparticles.

Sl.no.	Oil	Catalyst	Nanoparticle	Wavelength (nm)	Absorbance (a.u.)
1	Jojoba	H2SO4	MWCNT	350	0.53
2			TiO2	354	3.45
3		HCl	MWCNT	370	−.05
4			TiO2	352	3.51

Figure 9. AntonPar MCR 92 Rheometer.

Figure 10. Jatropharaw oil sample.

Figure 11. Temperature-dependent viscosity for JA, EJA-H₂SO₄,EJA - H₂SO₄- TiO₂and EJA - H₂SO₄- MWCNT.

Figure 12. Temperature-dependent viscosity for JA, EJA-HCl, EJA - HCl -.

Figure 13. Temperaturedependent viscosity for JO, EJO-H₂SO₄,EJO – H₂SO₄- TiO₂ and EJO- H₂SO₄- MWCNT.

Figure 14. Temperaturedependent viscosity for JO, EJO-HCl, EJO – HCl – TiO₂ and EJO- HCl -MWCNT.

Figure 15. TRB³Ball on disk tribometers.

Figure 16. Reciprocating motion of the ball.

Table 9. Parameters considered for COF and wear rate analysis.

Sl.no.	Parameters	Value
1	Load	20 N
2	Speed of motor	10 cm/s
3	Stroke length	10 mm
4	Time Period	1 hour
5	Frequency	10000 cycles
6	Volume of the oil	100 ml

Table 10. COF and wear rate of the samples.

Sl.no.	Samples	COF	Worn track section (µm^2)	Wear Rate (mm^3/Nm)	Depth (µm)
1	EJA-H2SO4	0.084	1897.0	4.742 * 10^−6	25.80
2	EJA-HCl	0.087	2014.3	5.035 * 10^−6	24.95
3	EJO-H2SO4	0.108	12003.0	3 * 10^−5	25.73
4	EJO-HCl	0.088	1194.7	2.986 * 10^−6	24.13
5	EJA-H2SO4 -TiO2	0.075	336.5	8.411 * 10^−7	28.81
6	EJA-HCl - TiO2	0.082	382.1	8.201 * 10^−7	28.83
7	EJO-H2SO4 - TiO2	0.072	407.2	8.651 * 10^−6	24.40
8	EJO-HCl - TiO2	0.059	63.5	1.587 * 10^−7	18.11
9	EJA-H2SO4 - MWCNT	0.061	328.1	9.552 * 10^−7	3.907
10	EJA-HCl - MWCNT	0.072	419.9	2.15 * 10^−6	4.883
11	EJO-H2SO4 - MWCNT	0.086	585.5	8.464 * 10^−6	5.250
12	EJO-HCl - MWCNT	0.084	407.2	1.733 * 10^−6	8.287

Figure 17. WearRate of jatropha and jojoba bio-lubricant with TiO₂and MWCNT nanoparticles.

Figure 18. Cof of jatropha and jojoba bio-lubricant with TiO₂ and MWCNT nanoparticles.

Figure 19. (a) 3Dview of the EJA-H₂SO₄-MWCNTsample. (b) Cross-section of the EJA-H₂SO₄-MWCNT sample.

Figure 20. (a) 3D view of the EJO-HCl-TiO₂ sample. (b) Cross-section of the EJO-HCl-TiO₂ sample.

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