The causal relationship between bacterial pneumonia and diabetes: a two-sample mendelian randomization study

Figures & data

Figure 1. Research flow chart. MR test needs to meet four assumptions at the same. time. First, SNPs must be strongly correlated with exposure. Second, SNPs cannot be directly related to outcome. Third, SNPs cannot be associated with any possible confusing factors. Last, no genetic assortative mating.

Figure 2. What the relationship between bacteria pneumonia and diabetes?.

Figure 3. The results of IVW, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median analysis of bacterial pneumonia on diabetes.

Figure 4. Scatter plots of MR analysis. (a) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome GDM; (b) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome T1DM; (c) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome T2DM; (d) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome other type of diabetes.

Figure 5. Leave one out analysis results. (a) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome GDM; (b) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome T1DM; (c) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome T2DM; (d) exposure bacterial pneumonia and outcome other type of diabetes.

Table 1. Summary of GWAS data characteristics in the two-sample MR.

GWAS ID	Year	Characteristic	Nsample	NSNP	Ncase	people
finn-b-J10_PNEUMOBACTEROTH	2021	bacterial pneumonia	196382	16380384	7514	European
finn-b-O15_PREG_DM	2021	GDM	116363	16379684	6033	European
finn-b-T1D	2021	T1DM	185258	16380235	2685	European
finn-b-T2D	2021	T2DM	211766	16380433	29193	European
finn-b-DM_OTHER_WIDE	2021	other type of diabetes	210039	16380448	31626	European

Table 2. The results of the heterogeneity analysis.

Expourse	Outcome	method	Q	Pval
Bacterial pneumonia	GDM	MR Egger	15.865	0.602
Bacterial pneumonia	GDM	IVW	18.238	0.507
Bacterial pneumonia	T1DM	MR Egger	28.760	0.051
Bacterial pneumonia	T1DM	IVW	28.770	0.070
Bacterial pneumonia	T2DM	MR Egger	32.358	0.020*
Bacterial pneumonia	T2DM	IVW	33.382	0.022*
Bacterial pneumonia	other type of diabetes	MR Egger	37.245	0.005*
Bacterial pneumonia	other type of diabetes	IVW	37.394	0.007*

Figure 6. The results of IVW, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median analysis of diabetes on bacterial pneumonia.

Figure 7. Scatter plots of MR analysis. (a) exposure GDM and outcome bacterial pneumonia; (b) exposure T1DM and outcome bacterial pneumonia; (c) exposure T2DM and outcome bacterial pneumonia; (d) exposure other type of diabetes and outcome bacterial pneumonia.

Figure 8. Leave one out analysis results. (a) exposure GDM and outcome bacterial pneumonia; (b) exposure T1DM and outcome bacterial pneumonia; (c) exposure T2DM and outcome bacterial pneumonia; (d) exposure other type of diabetes and outcome bacterial pneumonia.

Table 3. The results of the heterogeneity analysis.

Expourse	Outcome	method	Q	Pval
GDM	Bacterial pneumonia	MR Egger	12.801	0.172
GDM	Bacterial pneumonia	IVW	16.879	0.077
T1DM	Bacterial pneumonia	MR Egger	13.120	0.157
T1DM	Bacterial pneumonia	IVW	13.134	0.216
T2DM	Bacterial pneumonia	MR Egger	112.776	0.180
T2DM	Bacterial pneumonia	IVW	113.919	0.179
Other type of diabetes	Bacterial pneumonia	MR Egger	117.850	0.036*
Other type of diabetes	Bacterial pneumonia	IVW	119.915	0.032*