Influence of socio-demographic factors on coverage of full vaccination among children aged 12–23 months: a study in Indian context (2015-2016)

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of women with children aged 12–23 months in India, NFHS 2015–16

Variables	n	Weight %
Child characteristics
Sex of the child
Male	23,501	52.35
Female	21,270	47.65
Child size at birth
Large	7,870	19.91
Average	31,442	68.00
Small	5,459	12.10
Birth order
1	16,148	37.04
2–3	21,756	49.47
4+	6,867	13.49
Maternal characteristics
Maternal age
15–24	17,978	42.71
25–34	23,513	51.21
35+	3,280	6.08
Maternal education
No education	12,580	27.17
Primary	6,287	13.83
Secondary	21,093	47.19
Higher	4,811	11.81
Currently married
No	585	0.95
Yes	44,186	99.05
Exposure to mass media
No	12,012	25.68
Partial	29,445	67.21
Full	3,314	7.11
Healthcare characteristics
Four or more ANC visit
No	23,480	48.56
Yes	21,291	51.44
Place of delivery
Home	9,012	17.15
Health facility	35,759	82.85
PNC visit
No	28,684	62.38
Yes	16,087	37.62
Family characteristics
Sex of the household head
Male	39,319	87.66
Female	5,452	12.34
Wealth index
Poorest	11,288	24.30
Poorer	10,198	21.30
Middle	9,121	20.30
Richer	7,718	18.83
Richest	6,446	15.27
Social characteristics
Religion
Hinduism	32,369	78.46
Islam	7,123	16.76
Others	5,279	4.78
Social category
SC	8,434	21.35
ST	8,720	10.19
OBC	17,748	44.30
Other	9,869	24.16
Spatial characteristics
Place of residence
Urban	10,864	28.68
Rural	33,907	71.32
Region
North	8,480	13.10
Central	12,563	25.75
East	9,702	26.31
Northeast	6,285	3.39
West	3,158	12.81
South	4,583	18.63

Table 2. Full vaccination coverage by socio-economic and demographic characteristics of women with children aged 12–23 months in India, NFHS-2015–16

Variables	Full immunization coverage (weighted %)		p-Value
	No (n = 17,238)	Yes (n = 27,533)
Children characteristics
Sex of the child			0.7779
Male	37.44	62.56
Female	37.04	62.96
Child size at birth			<0.0001
Large	37.31	62.69
Average	36.66	63.34
Small	40.45	59.55
Birth order			<0.0001
1	32.13	67.87
2–3	37.63	62.37
4+	49.90	50.10
Maternal characteristics
Maternal age			<0.0001
15–24	36.08	63.92
25–34	37.50	62.50
35+	43.32	56.68
Maternal education			<0.0001
No education	47.88	52.12
Primary	38.63	61.37
Secondary	32.87	67.13
Higher	28.67	71.33
Currently married			0.0286
No	40.22	59.78
Yes	37.22	62.78
Exposure to mass media			<0.0001
No	47.02	52.98
Partial	34.06	65.94
Full	32.11	67.89
Healthcare characteristics
Four or more ANC visit			<0.0001
No	59.42	40.58
Yes	42.12	57.88
Place of delivery			<0.0001
Home	51.35	48.65
Health facility	34.33	65.67
Postnatal visit			<0.0001
No	42.18	57.82
Yes	29.07	70.93
Family characteristics
Sex of the household head			0.0013
Male	37.36	62.64
Female	36.44	63.56
Wealth index			<0.0001
Poorest	46.29	53.71
Poorer	38.58	61.42
Middle	35.14	64.86
Richer	32.6	67.4
Richest	29.52	70.48
Social characteristics
Religion			<0.0001
Hinduism	36.29	63.71
Islam	43.92	56.08
Others	29.51	70.49
Social category			<0.0001
SC	35.96	64.04
ST	42.78	57.22
OBC	37.51	62.49
Other	35.58	64.42
Spatial characteristics
Place of residence			<0.0001
Urban	35.48	64.52
Rural	37.96	62.04
Region			<0.0001
North	35.09	64.91
Central	46.00	54.00
East	29.22	70.78
Northeast	48.45	51.55
West	44.68	55.32
South	30.86	69.14

Table 3. Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regressions for socio-economic and demographic factors associated with full vaccination coverage in India, NFHS 2015–16

Variables	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Children characteristics
Sex of the child
Male^@	1	1
Female	1.006 (0.968–1.045)	1.016 (0.976–1.058)
Child size at birth
Large^@	0.947** (0.900–0.996)	0.891*** (0.844–0.940)
Average	1	1
Small	0.823*** (0.777–0.873)	0.886*** (0.833–0.943)
Birth order
1^@	1	1
2–3	0.790*** (0.757–0.824)	0.868*** (0.827–0.911)
4+	0.496*** (0.469–0.526)	0.745*** (0.691–0.803)
Maternal characteristics
Maternal age
15–24	1.274*** (1.182–1.373)	0.799*** (0.729–0.875)
25–34	1.318*** (1.224–1.419)	0.947 (0.872–1.028)
35+^@	1	1
Maternal education
No education^@	1	1
Primary	1.389*** (1.306–1.476)	1.232*** (1.153–1.316)
Secondary	1.886*** (1.803–1.973)	1.297*** (1.224–1.373)
Higher	2.550*** (2.372–2.741)	1.282*** (1.170–1.405)
Currently married
No^@	1	1
Yes	1.203** (1.020–1.419)	1.156 (0.971–1.376)
Exposure to mass media
No^@	1	1
Partial	1.798*** (1.723–1.878)	1.162*** (1.100–1.228)
Full	2.195*** (2.022–2.383)	1.229*** (1.117 − 1.352)
Healthcare characteristics
Four or more ANC visit
No^@	1	1
Yes	2.139*** (2.678–2.963)	1.665*** (1.591–1.742)
Place of delivery
Home^@	1	1
Health facility	2.324*** (2.217–2.435)	1.544*** (1.464–1.628)
PNC visit
No^@	1	1
Yes	1.763*** (1.692–1.837)	1.501*** (1.437–1.567)
Family characteristics
Sex of the household head
Male^@	1	1
Female	1.101*** (1.038–1.168)	1.070** (1.006–1.138)
Wealth index
Poorest^@	1	1
Poorer	1.346*** (1.276–1.421)	1.211*** (1.138–1.288)
Middle	1.755*** (1.658–1.857)	1.372*** (1.278–1.473)
Richer	2.015*** (1.897–2.141)	1.453*** (1.340–1.576)
Richest	2.514*** (2.354–2.686)	1.567*** (1.423–1.725)
Social characteristics
Religion
Hindu^@	1	1
Islam	0.716*** (0.680–0.754)	0.771*** (0.727–0.818)
Other	0.847*** (0.798–0.898)	1.196*** (1.099–1.301)
Social category
SC	0.964 (0.907–1.024)	1.017 (0.949–1.090)
ST	0.654*** (0.616–0.693)	0.855*** (0.795–0.921)
OBC	0.934*** (0.888–0.984)	0.991 (0.936–1.049)
Other^@	1	1
Spatial characteristics
Place of residence
Urban^@	1	1
Rural	0.826*** (0.790–0.864)	1.135*** (1.075–1.198)
Region
North	0.885*** (0.819–0.956)	1.207*** (0.110–1.312)
Central	0.541*** (0.504–0.582)	0.994 (0.919–1.076)
East	0.979 (0.907–1.057)	2.049*** (1.181–2.231)
Northeast	0.487*** (0.450–0.528)	0.747*** (0.678–0.823)
West	0.599*** (0.545–0.658)	0.713*** (0.646–0.787)
South^@	1	1
Constant		0.396*** (0.313–0.501)
Observation		44,771

OR = Odds ratio, CI = Confidence interval, ANC = antenatal care, PNC = post-natal care, SC = Scheduled Caste, ST = Scheduled Tribe, OBC = Other Backward Classes, 95% Confidence interval in parentheses; *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .1, ^@ = Reference category.