On willingness to pay for Covid-19 vaccines: a case study from India

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics

Variables	Definition	Mean/Proportion	Standard deviation	Minimum	Maximum
WTP (fully effective)	WTP for fully effective vaccine from open ended question	Rs. 140.61	209.01	0	3000
WTP (70% effective)	WTP for 70% effective vaccine from open ended question	Rs. 115.90	176.25	0	2000
Less than Rs. 200 (fully effective)	1 if WTP is less than Rs. 200 for fully effective vaccine from discrete choice CV method; 0 otherwise	0.281		0	1
Less than Rs. 200 (70% effective)	1 if WTP is less than Rs. 200 for 70% effective vaccine from discrete choice CV method; 0 otherwise	0.223		0	1
Female	1 if the respondent is female; 0 otherwise	0.168		0	1
Age	Age of the respondent (in years)	42.155	13.471	18	92
Household head	1 if the household head is male; 0 otherwise	0.804		0	1
Years of education	Education of the respondent (0 to 17 in order)	6.497	4.720	0	17
OBC	1 if the respondent belongs to OBC group; 0 otherwise	0.622		0	1
SC/ST	1 if the respondent belongs to SC/ST group; 0 otherwise	0.285		0	1
Upper caste	1 if the respondent belongs to Upper caste group; 0 otherwise	0.094		0	1
Highest education in household	Highest education in the household (0 to 17 in order)	10.331	3.587	0	17
Number of earning members	Number of earning members in the household	1.438	0.833	0	8
Laborer	1 if the respondent is an agricultural or non-agricultural casual laborer; 0 otherwise	0.426		0	1
Television	1 if there is a television in the household; 0 otherwise	0.862		0	1
Air conditioner/cooler	1 if there is an air conditioner/ cooler in the household; 0 otherwise	0.002		0	1
Computer/laptop	1 if there is a computer/ laptop in the household; 0 otherwise	0.023		0	1
Two-wheeler	1 if there is a two-wheeler in the household; 0 otherwise	0.743		0	1
Car	1 if there is a car in the household; 0 otherwise	0.049		0	1
Washing machine	1 if there is a washing machine in the household; 0 otherwise	0.016		0	1
Mixer grinder	1 if there is a mixer grinder in the household; 0 otherwise	0.170		0	1
Number of mobile phones	Number of mobile phones in the household	1.062	0.904	0	6
Income reduction	1 if the income reduction has been more than 50%; 0 otherwise	0.656		0	1
Frequency of going out	Number of days the respondents has to go out for work in a week	3.179	3.210	0	7
Uses public transport	1 if the respondent uses public transport for traveling; 0 otherwise	0.094		0	1
Comorbid	1 if the household has at least one member suffering from either asthma, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, liver problems, any other chronic disease or had a surgery in the past one year.	0.114		0	1
Elderly	Number of elderly in the household (60 years of age or above	0.436	0.694	0	6
Children	Number of children in the household (5 years of age or lesser)	0.402	0.708	0	6
Observations	1251

Proportion within the sampled respondents is given for the categorical variables. For continuous variables, mean, standard deviation, maximum and minimum values are presented.

Table 2. Regression estimation of WTP

	Open-ended question (OLS regression)		Discrete choice CV (probit regression)
	WTP (70% effective)	WTP (fully effective)	WTP (70% effective)	WTP (fully effective)
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
Female	−0.465*	−0.462*	−0.034	−0.035
	(−0.830 – −0.100)	(−0.826 – −0.098)	(−0.114–0.047)	(−0.115–0.045)
Age	0.001	−0.003	−0.000	0.000
	(−0.009–0.011)	(−0.012–0.006)	(−0.003–0.002)	(−0.002–0.002)
Household head	0.006	0.094	0.028	0.020
	(−0.366–0.378)	(−0.267–0.454)	(−0.051–0.108)	(−0.061–0.100)
Education	0.040**	0.038**	0.007*	0.006*
	(0.012–0.069)	(0.010–0.065)	(0.001–0.013)	(0.000–0.013)
Ref. OBC
SC/ST	−0.261*	−0.311*	−0.024	−0.017
	(−0.505 – −0.016)	(−0.552 – −0.071)	(−0.079–0.032)	(−0.074–0.040)
Upper Castes	−0.122	−0.118	−0.055	0.009
	(−0.488–0.244)	(−0.485–0.249)	(−0.132–0.022)	(−0.080–0.098)
Highest education in the household	0.041*	0.046**	0.007	0.012**
	(0.006–0.076)	(0.011–0.080)	(−0.002–0.015)	(0.003–0.021)
Number of earning members	−0.232**	−0.258**	−0.026	−0.047**
	(−0.392 – −0.071)	(−0.421 – −0.096)	(−0.058–0.006)	(−0.082 – −0.013)
Agricultural/ Non-agricultural laborer	−0.269*	−0.288*	−0.076**	−0.062*
	(−0.507 – −0.031)	(−0.522 – −0.055)	(−0.132 – −0.021)	(−0.119 – −0.006)
Asset index (standardized)	0.249***	0.256***	0.050*	0.070***
	(0.102–0.396)	(0.113–0.400)	(0.011–0.089)	(0.035–0.105)
Number of mobile phones	0.277***	0.281***	0.038*	0.059***
	(0.144–0.411)	(0.145–0.417)	(0.006–0.069)	(0.025–0.092)
Over 50% income reduction in last one year	−0.302**	−0.225*	−0.033	0.010
	(−0.515 – −0.089)	(−0.428 – −0.022)	(−0.080–0.014)	(−0.040–0.059)
No. of days out for work	0.168***	0.126***	0.012**	0.005
	(0.134–0.202)	(0.093–0.159)	(0.003–0.020)	(−0.003–0.013)
Uses public transport/ pool for work	0.534**	0.467**	0.004	0.096*
	(0.205–0.863)	(0.114–0.821)	(−0.088–0.095)	(0.009–0.183)
Comorbid household members present	0.294*	0.337*	0.060	0.050
	(0.008–0.581)	(0.051–0.622)	(−0.010–0.130)	(−0.024–0.123)
Number of elderly (>60 years)	−0.068	−0.092	−0.007	−0.008
	(−0.224–0.089)	(−0.244–0.061)	(−0.042–0.029)	(−0.044–0.028)
Number of children (<5 years)	0.070	0.086	0.015	0.011
	(−0.074–0.214)	(−0.054–0.225)	(−0.017–0.046)	(−0.024–0.045)
GP fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	1,128	1,219	1,128	1,219
R-squared	0.279	0.246	0.148	0.144

Marginal effects from OLS and probit regressions are presented with 95% CI calculated using robust standard errors given in the parentheses. Significance level: *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

Table A1. Marginal effects from probit regressions considering the reported likelihood for altering the response on WTP

	Fully effective (Small chance)	Fully effective (High chance)	Fully effective (With dummy)	70% effective (Small chance)	70% effective (High chance)	70% effective (With dummy)
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
Female	0.002	−0.037	−0.030	−0.033	−0.015	−0.029
	(−0.130–0.135)	(−0.133–0.059)	(−0.110–0.050)	(−0.173–0.107)	(−0.110–0.080)	(−0.108–0.050)
Age	0.000	−0.000	0.000	0.002	−0.002	−0.000
	(−0.004–0.005)	(−0.003–0.002)	(−0.002–0.002)	(−0.001–0.006)	(−0.004–0.001)	(−0.002–0.002)
Household head	0.073	−0.019	0.017	−0.024	0.032	0.021
	(−0.068–0.214)	(−0.115–0.077)	(−0.064–0.097)	(−0.154–0.105)	(−0.062–0.126)	(−0.059–0.101)
Education	0.000	0.008*	0.006	0.010*	0.005	0.007*
	(−0.011–0.011)	(0.001–0.016)	(−0.000–0.013)	(0.001–0.020)	(−0.002–0.012)	(0.001–0.013)
Ref. OBC
SC/ST	0.016	−0.021	−0.014	0.035	−0.025	−0.019
	(−0.077–0.110)	(−0.091–0.049)	(−0.071–0.044)	(−0.050–0.120)	(−0.094–0.044)	(−0.075–0.036)
Upper Castes	−0.019	0.022	0.010	−0.118**	−0.018	−0.051
	(−0.179–0.142)	(−0.083–0.128)	(−0.079–0.099)	(−0.196 – −0.041)	(−0.117–0.081)	(−0.127–0.026)
Highest education in the household	0.014*	0.009	0.012**	0.010	0.005	0.007
	(0.001–0.028)	(−0.002–0.020)	(0.003–0.021)	(−0.000–0.021)	(−0.005–0.016)	(−0.002–0.015)
Number of earning members	−0.053	−0.054**	−0.048**	−0.025	−0.034	−0.026
	(−0.118–0.012)	(−0.095 – −0.014)	(−0.083 – −0.014)	(−0.076–0.025)	(−0.072–0.004)	(−0.058–0.005)
Agricultural/ Non-agricultural laborer	−0.020	−0.076*	−0.066*	−0.035	−0.097**	−0.082**
	(−0.119–0.078)	(−0.146 – −0.007)	(−0.122 – −0.009)	(−0.124–0.055)	(−0.165 – −0.029)	(−0.138 – −0.026)
Asset index (standardized)	0.073**	0.071**	0.072***	0.047*	0.049	0.052*
	(0.026–0.119)	(0.024–0.117)	(0.037–0.107)	(0.009–0.085)	(−0.003–0.101)	(0.011–0.092)
Number of mobile phones	0.102**	0.046*	0.056**	0.053	0.031	0.034*
	(0.027–0.177)	(0.006–0.086)	(0.023–0.090)	(−0.003–0.108)	(−0.009–0.070)	(0.002–0.066)
Over 50% income reduction in last one year	0.013	0.001	0.004	−0.048	−0.049	−0.045
	(−0.071–0.098)	(−0.061–0.062)	(−0.045–0.053)	(−0.117–0.021)	(−0.108–0.010)	(−0.091–0.002)
No. of days out for work	−0.005	0.007	0.005	0.003	0.012*	0.011**
	(−0.022–0.011)	(−0.003–0.016)	(−0.004–0.013)	(−0.011–0.017)	(0.003–0.022)	(0.003–0.019)
Uses public transport/ pool for work	0.052	0.091	0.093*	0.059	−0.026	−0.003
	(−0.140–0.243)	(−0.008–0.189)	(0.006–0.179)	(−0.147–0.266)	(−0.130–0.079)	(−0.094–0.088)
Co-morbid household members present	0.029	0.046	0.046	−0.008	0.068	0.059
	(−0.110–0.168)	(−0.038–0.131)	(−0.027–0.118)	(−0.122–0.106)	(−0.016–0.151)	(−0.010–0.127)
Number of elderly (>60 years)	0.016	−0.011	−0.009	0.001	−0.007	−0.009
	(−0.050–0.082)	(−0.053–0.031)	(−0.045–0.027)	(−0.054–0.057)	(−0.049–0.034)	(−0.044–0.026)
Number of children (<5 years)	0.036	0.002	0.011	0.040	0.005	0.014
	(−0.027–0.100)	(−0.038–0.041)	(−0.023–0.045)	(−0.009–0.090)	(−0.032–0.042)	(−0.018–0.046)
High chance of same response			0.058*			0.088***
			(0.006–0.109)			(0.041–0.136)
Observations	344	875	1,219	316	812	1,128

Marginal effects from probit regressions are presented with 95% CI calculated using robust standard errors given in the parentheses. Significance level: *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [UD], upon reasonable request. (https://authorservices.taylorandfrancis.com/data-sharing/share-your-data/data-availability-statements/)