Impact of second wave of COVID-19 pandemic on the hesitancy and refusal of COVID-19 vaccination in Puducherry, India: a longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants

Characteristics	Round-1 (N = 900) n (%)	Round-2 (N = 861) n (%)
Age categories (in year)
<45	464 (51.6)	447 (51.9)
45–59	251 (27.9)	239 (27.8)
≥60	185 (20.5)	175 (20.3)
Gender
Male	337 (37.4)	319 (37.1)
Female	563 (62.6)	542 (62.9)
Educational qualification
No formal education	135 (15.0)	124 (14.4)
Primary	169 (18.8)	164 (19.1)
Secondary	394 (43.8)	379 (44.0)
Higher	202 (22.4)	194 (22.5)
Place of residence
Urban	632 (70.3)	613 (71.3)
Rural	267 (29.7)	247 (28.7)
Nature of work
Non-health care worker	872 (96.9)	833 (96.7)
Health care worker	28 (3.1)	28 (3.3)
Co-morbidities
Present	292 (32.4)	280 (32.5)
Absent	608 (67.6)	581 (67.5)

Table 2. Factors associated with vaccine hesitancy before and during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic (round 1 and 2 of the survey) in Puducherry

	Round 1 (N = 900)			Round 2 (N = 861)
Characteristics	aPR	95%CI	p-value	aPR	95%CI	p-value
Age category (y)
<45	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
45–59	0.60	0.44–0.81	0.001*	1.55	1.23–1.96	<0.001*
≥60	0.83	0.61–1.12	0.23	1.85	1.44–2.37	<0.001*
Place of residence
Urban	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Rural	1.24	1.01–1.53	0.04*	1.25	1.03–1.52	0.02*
Healthcare worker vs non-healthcare worker
HCW	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Non-HCW	2.89	0.99–8.44	0.06	2.68	0.92–7.79	0.07
Comorbidity condition
Absent	1.24	0.94–1.63	0.12	0.98	0.80–1.21	0.86
Present	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-

Unadjusted model had variables such as age group, gender, education, residence, occupation and comorbidities; out of these, gender and education had p-value more than 0.20 in both round-1 and round-2 survey models and they were excluded from the final multivariable analysis.

aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio.

CI, confidence interval.

*p-value statistically significant.

Table 3. Factors associated with vaccine refusal before and during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic (round 1 and 2 of the survey) in Puducherry

	Round 1 (N = 900)			Round 2 (N = 861)
Characteristics	aPR	95%CI	p-value	aPR	95%CI	p-value
Age category (y)
<45	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
45–59	0.59	0.43–0.80	0.001*	1.63	1.28–2.08	<0.001*
60 and above	0.78	0.56–1.08	0.13	1.85	1.41–2.43	<0.001*
Educational qualification
No formal education	[Not included in the model]			Ref	-	-
Primary				1.45	1.09–1.94	0.01*
Secondary				1.32	0.99–1.76	0.06
Higher				1.51	1.04–2.18	0.03*
Residence
Urban	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Rural	1.32	1.05–1.64	0.02*	1.23	1.02–1.49	0.03*
HCW vs non-HCW
HCW	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Non-HCW	2.67	0.92–7.80	0.07	1.88	0.84–4.15	0.12
Comorbidity
Absent	1.23	0.92–1.64	0.17	1.02	0.84–1.24	0.84
Present	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-

Unadjusted model had variables such as age group, gender, education, residence, occupation and comorbidities; out of these, gender and education had p-value more than 0.20 in round-1 survey model and were excluded from the final multivariable analysis, while only gender had p-value more than 0.20 in round-2 survey model and it was excluded from the adjusted analysis.

aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio.

CI, confidence Interval.

*p-value statistically significant.

Table 4. GEE models for change in vaccine hesitancy and refusal over time

	Vaccine hesitant			Vaccine refusal
Characteristics	aIRR	95%CI	p-value	aIRR	95%CI	p-value
Timepoint 1^# vs Timepoint 2^$
Timepoint 1	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Timepoint 2	1.19	1.03–1.37	0.02*	1.40	1.22–1.62	<0.001*
Age group (in y)
<45	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
45–59	0.97	0.82–1.16	0.76	0.99	0.84–1.17	0.94
60 and above	1.20	1.01–1.43	0.04*	1.14	0.95–1.36	0.15
Residence
Urban	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Rural	1.28	1.10–1.48	0.001*	1.26	1.09–1.46	0.002*
HCW vs non-HCW
HCW	Ref	-	-	Ref	-	-
Non-HCW	2.68	1.15–6.28	0.02*	2.04	1.03–4.05	0.04*

Unadjusted model had variables such as age group, gender, education, residence, occupation, timepoint, and comorbidities; out of these, gender, education and comorbidities had p-value more than 0.20 and were excluded from the final multivariable model.

aIRR, adjusted incidence rate ratio; CI, confidence Interval; HCW, healthcare workers.

*p-value statistically significant.

^#Before the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic.

^$During the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic.