Behavioral intention and its predictors toward COVID-19 vaccination among people most at risk of exposure in Ethiopia: applying the theory of planned behavior model

Figures & data

Table 1. Internal consistency and scoring of preventive behavior, knowledge, and TPB constructs

Components	Items	Scoring	Outcome	Cronbach’s Alpha
Preventive behavior	5	$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^5\mathit{PRVi}$	PRV score	0.78
Knowledge	11	$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^{11}\mathit{KNWi}$	knowledge score	0.90
Attitude	7	$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^7\mathit{DAi}$	Attitude score	0.84
Subjective norm	8	$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^8\mathit{DSNi}$	Subjective norm score	0.77
Perceived behavioral control	7	$\sum _{\mathit{i}=1}^7\mathit{DPBCi}$	Perceived behavioral control score	0.80
Intention	1

Table 2. Sociodemographic status among people at highest risk of exposure in Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 1080)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Age	<39	707	65.5%
	≥39	373	34.5%
Sex	Male	933	86.4%
	Female	147	13.6%
Marital status	Married	748	69.3%
	Unmarried	332	30.7%
Education	Diploma	216	20%
	Degree	697	64.5%
	Masters and above	167	15.5%
Average Monthly Income	<5500	233	21.6%
	5500–6900	261	24.2%
	≥6900	586	54.2%
Occupation	Primary school teacher	216	20%
	Secondary school teacher	356	33%
	Telecom employee	247	22.8%
	Bank employee	261	24.2%
Religion	Orthodox Christian	754	69.8%
	Muslim	262	24.3%
	Others	64	5.9%
Family size	<4	846	78.3%
	≥4	234	21.7%

Table 3. Health-related characteristics among people at highest risk of exposure in Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 1080)

Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Perceived health status	Healthy	920	85.2%
	Not healthy	160	14.8%
Chronic diseases (DM, HTN …)	Yes	150	13.9%
	No	930	86.1%
Smoking	Yes	129	11.9%
	No	951	88.1%
Overweight	Yes	174	16.1%
	No	906	83.9%
A past episode of COVID-19 infection	Yes	66	6.1%
	No	1014	93.9%

Table 4. Preventive behavior against COVID-19 infection among people at highest risk of exposure in Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 1080)

Items	Response categories with frequency and percent
	Rarely	Sometimes	Often	Always
I put a tissue paper or bending elbow in the front of my mouth and nostril when coughing or sneezing.	471 (43.6%)	415 (38.4%)	102 (9.2%)	92 (8.5%)
I wash my hands frequently with cleaning soap and water for at least 20 seconds each hour.	106 (9.6%)	357 (33.1%)	306 (28.3%)	311 (28.8%)
I do not touch my eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands.	195 (18.1%)	342 (31.7%)	258 (23.9%)	285 (26.4%)
I put on a facemask persistently each time I go out to my home.	725 (67.1%)	262 (24.3%)	84 (7.8%)	9 (0.8%)
I keep a distance of at least two meters from others.	881 (81.6%)	199 (18.4%)	0	0
Overall preventive behavior against COVID-19			Frequency	Percent
Good			378	35%
Poor			702	65%

Figure 1. Figure1: Knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine among people most at risk of exposure in Ethiopia, 2021 (N=1080).

Table 5. Descriptive data for the aspects TPB model and intention among people at highest risk of exposure in Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 1080)

Components	Items	Min	Max	Mean	Median	Standard deviation
Attitude	7	18	34	25.52	25.5	2.80
Subjective norm	8	18	37	27.3	27	4.25
Perceived behavioral control	7	10	31	20.73	21	3.93
Intention*	1	1	5	3.69	4	1.35
Intention category					Frequency	Percent
Intended					701	64.9%
Not intended					379	35.1%

*The variable is continuous.

Table 6. Predictors of behavioral intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among people at highest risk of exposure in Ethiopia, 2021 (N = 1080)

	Intention
Variables	Intended	Not intended	COR with (95% CI)	AOR with (95% CI)	p-Value
Sex
Male	619	314	0.64 (0.45–1.911)	1.41 (1.004–2.53)	.02*
Female	82	65	1	1
Marital status
Married	533	215	0.413 (0.316–2.540)	0.843 (0.213–1.689)	.823
Unmarried	168	164	1	1
Education
Diploma	115	101	1.247 (0.830–1.875)	3.45 (0.652–2.482)	.673
Degree	488	209	0.608 (0.429–0.861)	0.815 (0.254–0.916)	.002*
Masters and above	98	69	1	1
Knowledge
Good	248	164	1.393 (1.079–2.799)	4.21 (2.871–6.992)	.000*
Poor	453	215	1	1
Chronic disease
Yes	57	93	3.674 (2.569–5.255)	4.245 (0.987–6.012)	.652
No	644	286	1	1
A past episode of COVID-19 infection
Yes	17	49	5.974 (3.388–10.534)	6.012 (0.899–8.004)	.730
No	684	330	1	1
Attitude			1.097 (1.048–2.148)	2.78 (1.654–4.102)	.000*
Subjective norm			0.969 (0.940–2.998)	1.214 (1.008–4.309)	.000*
Perceived behavioral control			1.004 (0.973–2.036)	3.531 (1.689–5.201)	.000*

*Statistically significant at p < .05, COR – Crude Odds Ratio, AOR- Adjusted Odds Ratio.

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.