Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) chemicals: a critical review of current biotechnological approaches

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of chemicals produced from agro-biomass residues

S. no.	Name of chemicals	Substrate name	Microbe’s name	Production process strategy	Yields	Reference
1.	Diosgenin	Dioscorea zingiberensis	Mixed culture of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus fumigatus	Solid-state fermentation	95.82%	[69]
2.	Glutathione	Spent coffee grounds	Millerozyma farinosa	SmF		[70]
3.	2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA)	Lignocellulosic biomass	Chemical route	Catalyzed synthesis	75%	[71]
4.	Glucaric acid	Corn stover	Gluconobacter oxydans	Two-stage fermentation	8.7 g/L/h	[72]
5.	Glutamic acid	Rice straw	Bacillus subtilis NX-2	Solid-stage fermentation	73.0 g /L	[73]
6.	Itaconic acid	Glucose	Aspergillus terreus	SmF	146 g/L	[74]
7.	1,2-Propendiol	Cellobiose	Beta-glucosidase-expressing E. coli	SmF	1.48 g/L	[75]
8.	2,4-Butanediol	Soy hull hydrolyzate	K. pneumoniae	SmF	21.9 g/L	[76]
9.	Isoprene	Poplar (Populus spp.)	Recombinant technology	-	-	[77]
10.	Lactic acid	beechwood	Lactobacillus delbrueckii sp. bulgaricus	SmF	51.6 g/L	[78]
11.	Ectoine	Rice straw hydrolyzate	Halomonas elongata.	SmF	377 mmol/kg FW	[79]
12.	R(3)-Butyric acid	Glucose, xylose, and arabinose	E. coli PPA652ara	SmF	1.38 g g^−1 dry cell	[80]

Figure 1. Systematic representation of utilization of dairy waste (whey) for the production of APIs.

Figure 2. Systematic representation for the production of succinic acid using lignocelluosic biomass.

Figure 3. Utilization of processing residues (oil cakes and glycerol) from oil extraction and biodiesel production industry for clavulanic acid production through fermentation approach.

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