Navigating dynamics of farm household livelihood vulnerability to climate-related risks in southern Ethiopia: An agroecology-based comparative analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of the study area.

Table 1. Major components, indicators, and explanation

Major-components	Indicators	Explanation of indicators	References
Extreme events	Frequency of floods in last 10 years	Total number of floods reported by households over the last 10 years	(Okolie et al., 2023)
	Frequency of drought in the last 10 years	Total number of droughts reported by households in the past 10 years	(Huong et al., 2019)
	Households that have not received an early warning	Percentage of households that do not receive a warning about the pending natural hazard	(Ebrahim et al., 2022)
	Households with an injury or death from severe natural disasters in the last 10 years	Percentage of Households reported injury or death from severe natural disasters in the last 10 years	(Abeje et al., 2019)
Climate change	MSD of the monthly average of average max daily Temperature	The standard deviation of the average daily maximum temperature by month between 1990 and 2021.	(Asfaw et al., 2021)
	MSD of the monthly average of average min daily Temperature	The standard deviation of the average daily minimum temperature by month between 1991 and 2022	(Zeleke et al., 2021)
	MSD of annual average monthly precipitation	The SD of the average precipitation by month between 1991 and 2022	(Tessema & Simane, 2019)
Social-demography profile	Dependency ratio	The ratio of the population under 15 and over 65 years of age to the population between 19 and 64 years of age	(Huong et al., 2019)
	Female-headed households	Percentage of households where the primary adult is female	(Asfaw et al., 2021)
	Household heads did not receive a formal education	Percentage of households where the head of the household reports that they have attended 0 years of school	(Dendir & Simane, 2019)
	Farm experience	Average years of farming experience	(Venus et al., 2022)
Livelihood strategy	Agriculture as the primary source of income and food.	Percentage of households solely reliant on agriculture as the main source of livelihood.	(Ebrahim et al., 2022)
	Household heads that did not migrate outside the community for their primary work activity	Percentage of households that report at least 1 family member who works outside of the community for their primary work activity	(Dendir & Simane, 2019)
	Household heads with no jobs during extreme weather events happen	Percentage of HHs that reported no jobs during extreme weather events happen	(Can et al., 2013)
Social Network	Average Receive	Percentage of HHs lending money to other	(Shen et al., 2022)
	Average Borrow	Percentage of HHs borrowing money from others	(Suryanto & Rahman, 2019)
	Households that do not receive government assistance for a year	Percentage of households that reported they have not asked their local government for any assistance in the past 12 months	(Asrat & Simane, 2017)
	Distance to the nearest market	average distance to the nearest market	(Dendir & Simane, 2019)
Health	Households without sanitary latrine/toilet	Percentage of households who have no improved toilet or shared or open pit	(Mengistu, 2022)
	Households whose family members have chronic Illness	Percentage of households that report at least 1 family member with chronic illness	(Raihan & Hossain, 2021)
	Average time to the nearest health center	The average time it takes the households to get to the nearest health center	(Venus et al., 2022)
	Access to health insurance	Percentage of HHs having access to health insurance	(Rudiarto & Pamungkas, 2020)
Food	Households dependent on the family farm for food	Percentage of households that get their food primarily from their personal farms	(Shen et al., 2022)
	Households that have not saved harvests in the last 12 months	Percentage of households that do not save crops from each harvest in a year	(Okolie et al., 2023)
	Average food insufficient months	The average number of households in a month that has a food shortage(range: 0–12)	(Oo et al., 2018)
Water	Households that get their water from a natural source	The proportion of households reporting a creek, river, lake, pool, or hole as their major water supply.	(Adu et al., 2018)
	Average time to reach a source of drinking water (walking hours)	The average time it takes the households to travel to their primary water source	(Sujakhu et al., 2019)
	Households that do not have a consistent water supply	percentage of households reported that water was not available at their primary water source every day	(Asmamaw et al., 2020)

Table 2. LVI-IPCC contributing factors, major components and number of Subcomponents

Contributing Factors	Major Components	Number of Subcomponents
Sensitivity	Land use and sustainability	2
	Health Status	4
	Food Status	3
	Water	3
Exposure	Extreme events	4
	Climate change	3
Adaptive Capacity	Social and demographic profile	4
	Livelihood strategies	3
	Social Network	4

Table 3. Livelihood vulnerability index (LVI

Main component	Sub-components	Weighted average scores in AEZ
		Dega	W/Dega	Kola
Land use and sustainability	percentage of HHs who did not practice SWC	0.43	0.48	0.459
	percentage of HHs who did not practicing irrigation	0.871	0.7	0.23
Health Status	Percentage of HHs who have no improved toilet or shared or open pit	0.471	0.77	0.73
	Percentage of HHs who reported at least one family member suffering from a chronic illness	0.228	0.335	0.64
	The average distance to the nearest health center(km)	0.53	0.57	0.43
	Percentage of HHs having access to health insurance	0.378	0.397	0.51
Food Status	Percentage of HHs that acquire their food primarily from their own farms.	0.65	0.679	0.469
	Percentage of households that do not save crops from each harvest in a year	0.414	0.19	0.765
	Average number of months HHs struggle to find food (range: 0–12)	0.36	0.54	0.717
Water	Percentage of HHs that report a river, lake, pool, or hole as their primary water source	0.414	0.53	0.79
	The average distance it takes the HHs to travel to their primary water source(km)	0.32	0.67	0.49
	percentage of HHs reported that water was not available at their primary water source every day	0.285	0.75	0.86
Extreme events	Total number of floods that were reported by HHs in the last 10 years	0.575	0.465	0.788
	Total number of droughts that were reported by HHs in the past 10 years	0.437	0.91	0.75
	Percentage of HHs that do not receive a warning about the pending natural hazard	0.664	0.801	0.888
	Percentage of HHs reported injury or death from severe natural disasters in the last 10 years	0.057	0.068	0.175
Climate change	The SD of the average daily max temperature by month over the year 1991 and 2022	0.38	0.45	0.61
	The SD of the average daily minimum temperature by month between 1991 and 2022	0.58	0.71	0.52
	The SD of the average precipitation by month between 1991 and 2022	0.51	0.38	0.37
Socio-demography profile	The proportion of the population under 15 and over 65 years old to the population between 16 and 64 years old.	0.02	0.19	0.17
	Average years of farming experience	0.555	0.576	0.667
	The proportion of HHs in which the primary adult is female.	0.04	0.02	0.02
	Percentage of HHs where the head of the household reports that they have attended 0 years of school	0.614	0.745	0.765
Livelihood strategies	The proportion of HHs who rely primarily on agriculture for their livelihood and food.	0.87	0.931	0.91
	The proportion of HHs who report at least one family member working outside the community as their major employment activity.	0.557	0.67	0.37
	Percentage of HHs that reported no jobs during extreme weather events happen	0.57	0.54	0.54
Social network	Percentage of HHs lending money to other	0.16	0.14	0.46
	Percentage of HHs borrowing money from others	0.68	0.72	0.55
	Percentage of HHs who reported not requesting assistance from their local government in the previous 12 months	0.65	0.618	0.684
	Average distance to the nearest market (km)	0.6	0.657	0.596
LVI		0.476	0.548	0.555

Table 4. Indicators, profiles, and overall livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) of the three AEZs

Major Components	Number of Subcomponent	Major components value			Contributing Factors	Contributing Factors value
		Dega	W/Dega	Kola		Dega	W/Dega	Kola
Land use and sustainability	2	0.65	0.59	0.344	Sensitivity	0.445	0.551	0.584
Health Status	4	0.401	0.518	0.577
Food Status	3	0.474	0.469	0.65
Water	3	0.339	0.65	0.713
Extreme events	4	0.433	0.561	0.65	Exposure	0.457	0.54	0.586
Climate change	3	0.49	0.513	0.5
Socio-demographic profile	4	0.307	0.383	0.406	Adaptive Capacity	0.483	0.528	0.521
Livelihood strategies	3	0.666	0.714	0.607
Social Network	4	0.523	0.534	0.573
LVI	30	0.476	0.548	0.555	LVI-IPCC value	−0.011	0.007	0.04

Figure 2. Vulnerability triangle of the IPCC.

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Data availability statement

The datasets and questioners utilized during and/or analyzed the current investigation are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.