Are the soils degraded by the photovoltaic power plant?

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of ecosystem functions of individual master properties.

Master properties	Controlled ecosystem functions of soil	Explanation	Source
The bulk density	Nutrient Cycling	It can influence the availability and mobility of essential nutrients, which in turn impacts nutrient cycling processes in ecosystems.	Topa et al., 2021
	Water regulation	Soil with lower bulk density typically has higher porosity and can retain more water, influencing water availability for plants and groundwater recharge.	Verheijen et al., 2019
	Root growth and Proliferation	Lower bulk density allows roots to penetrate deeper and access nutrients and water, which is essential for plant growth and ecosystem productivity.	Atkinson et al., 2020
	Biodiversity and Habitat	Lower bulk density provides a more hospitable environment for a diverse range of soil organisms, contributing to biodiversity.	Mokany et al., 2020
	Physically stability and support	Lower bulk density can enhance soil structure, reducing the risk of soil erosion and promoting stable soil conditions for vegetation.	Kranz et al., 2020
	Filttering and buffering of soil	Bulk density affects this filtration capacity and the soil’s ability to buffer pollutants and contaminants.	Patiño et al., 2021
	Biological regulation	Changes in bulk density can impact the activity and diversity of soil organisms, which play a crucial role in nutrient cycling and decomposition processes	Phalempin et al., 2021
	Carbone strage and turnover	Low bulk density allows for better incorporation and retention of organic matter, influencing carbon sequestration.	Tautges et al., 2019
Macroaggregates	Carbon sequestration	Macroaggregates protect soil organic carbon from decomposition and erosion, promoting carbon sequestration in soils.	Huang et al., 2022
	Nutrient Retention	Macroaggregates can trap and retain essential nutrients, preventing their leaching and loss from the ecosystem.	Hartmann & Six, 2023
	Water regulation	They can enhance water infiltration and storage, reducing surface runoff and erosion.	Yan et al., 2023
	Habitat for soil organisms	Provide a structured environment within the soil that serves as habitat for soil organisms.	Yudina & Kuzyakov, 2023
	Erosion control	Help prevent soil erosion by stabilizing soil particles.	Khan & Rahman, 2023
	Microbial activity	Create microenvironments within the soil, influencing microbial activity and nutrient cycling.	Sun et al., 2021
	Soil structure stability	Contribute to soil structure stability, reducing compaction and improving aeration.	Mondal & Chakraborty, 2022
Soil organic matter	Nutrient Cycling	Soil organic matter serves as a reservoir of essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.	Bashir et al., 2021
	Carbone strage	Soil organic matter is a significant component of the global carbon cycle. It sequesters carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping mitigate climate change by storing carbon in the soil	Baveye et al., 2020
	Soil structure stability	Soil organic matter contributes to soil structure by improving aggregation and reducing compaction	Gursoy, 2021
	Microbial activity	Soil organic matter provides a source of energy and nutrients for soil microorganisms.	Gunina & Kuzyakov, 2022
	Water retention	Organic matter increases the soil’s water-holding capacity, reducing the risk of drought stress for plants	N. Ullah, Ditta, et al., 2021
	Biodiversity support	Soil organic matter provides habitat and resources for a diverse range of soil organisms, contributing to overall biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems	Sokol et al., 2022
	Erosion control	The presence of organic matter in the soil enhances its resistance to erosion, preventing soil loss and maintaining the stability of landscapes	Jangir et al., 2019
	pH buffering	Organic matter can act as a buffer, helping to stabilize soil pH levels. This is important for ensuring suitable conditions for plant growth and microbial activit	Hussain et al., 2023
	Disease suppression	Some organic compounds in soil organic matter have been shown to suppress soil-borne plant diseases, contributing to healthier plant communities	Lamichhane et al., 2023
The ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the soil,	Nutrient mineralization	The C:N ratio affects the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient mineralization in soils	Hicks et al., 2021)
	Plant Growth	The C:N ratio in plant tissues influences plant growth and health	Y. Liu et al., 2020
	Microbial activity	Soil microbial communities are highly sensitive to the C:N ratio. Microbes require an appropriate C:N ratio in organic matter for their growth and metabolic activities
	Soil Fertility	The C:N ratio is a crucial indicator of soil fertility. It influences the availability of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus for plant uptake	Xu et al., 2020
	Carbon seqestration	Ecosystems with a high C:N ratio tend to sequester more carbon, which can contribute to carbon storage in soils and help mitigate climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels	Schlesinger, 2022
	Eutrophication	In aquatic ecosystems, the C:N ratio of organic matter influences the potential for eutrophication.	Jiang et al., 2022
	Carbon- Nitrogen balance	The C:N ratio is critical for maintaining the balance between carbon and nitrogen in ecosystems	Cai et al., 2022
Soil reaction (pH)	Nutrient Availability	Soil pH affects the availability of essential nutrients to plants	Pasley et al.,2019
	Microbial activity	Soil pH influences the composition and activity of soil microorganisms.	Xu et al., 2020
	Plant species composition	Soil pH can determine which plant species can thrive in a particular area.	Sokol et al., 2022
	Toxic elements mobility	Soil pH affects the mobility of toxic elements like aluminum and heavy metals.	Kicińska & Wikar, 2021
	Biodiversity	Soil pH influences soil biota composition.	Joseph et al., 2021
	Soil structure	Alkaline soils tend to have better soil structure and aggregation, which can influence water infiltration and root growth.	Y. Wang et al., 2023
	Carbone storage	Soil pH can impact the decomposition of organic matter. Acidic soils may slow down decomposition, leading to greater carbon storage in the soil.	Chowdhury et al., 2021
	Soil remediation	Soil pH is a critical factor in soil remediation efforts. Adjusting pH levels can enhance the effectiveness of remediation techniques for contaminated soils	Naz et al., 2022
Soil microorganisms	Nutrient Cycling	Microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon back into the soil.	Raza et al., 2023
		Microbial activities, including the secretion of organic substances and the formation of biofilms, contribute to soil aggregation and the maintenance of soil structure.	Guhra et al., 2022
	Decomposition	Microorganisms break down dead plant material, organic debris, and animal remains, facilitating the decomposition process	Bhattacharyya et al., 2022
	Disease supression	Soil microorganisms influence carbon sequestration by decomposing organic matter and converting it into stable forms of carbon, which can be stored in the soil for extended periods, helping mitigate climate change.	Wei et al., 2019
	Biological nitrogen fixation	Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is a form of nitrogen that plants can use for growth.	Lawal, 2022
	Toxin degradation	Some microorganisms are capable of degrading pollutants and toxins in the soil, contributing to soil remediation and reducing environmental contamination.	Xiang et al., 2022
	Symbiotic relationships	Microorganisms form symbiotic relationships with plants, such as mycorrhizal associations, which enhance plant nutrient uptake and stress tolerance.	Khaliq et al., 2022
	Erosion control	Soil microorganisms stabilize the soil, reducing erosion by wind and water. Their activities help maintain soil structure and prevent soil loss.	Kheirfam & Asadzadeh, 2020
	Biogeochemical cycles	Microbes are essential for driving biogeochemical cycles, including the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles	Basu et al., 2021
	Plant diversity	Soil microorganisms can influence plant diversity and community composition by affecting nutrient availability and competition among plant species.	Cui et al., 2021
	Drought resistance	Some microbial communities enhance soil water-holding capacity and improve plant drought resistance by forming biofilms and increasing soil organic matter.	Mondal & Chakraborty, 2022

Table 2. Assumed effect of PV on soil master properties (summary of conclusions of Sections 4.1–4.2).

Predict effect of PV	Master properties	Effect
Shade	Bulk density	Decreased or increased plant production	Reduction of soil drying	Less heating
	Macroagregates	Shading can reduce biological activity and SOM decomposition	Lower soil temperature and less water vapor – higher SOM
	Soil organic matter	Lower soil temperature and less water evaporation	Soil moisture retention	Effect on plant – litter decomposition, exudates production ect.
	C/N ration	Not clear
	pH	Slowes rate of biological process and releases acidic matter
Water gradient	Bulk density	Place out of solar panels are dangered by erosion	The soil dries out directly under the panels
	Macroagregates	Place out of solar panels are dangered loosing agregates stability	The soil dries out directly under the panels which can cost loosin macroagregate structure
	Soil organic matter	Place out of solar panels aro more wet and can be in anaerobic condition	In Places under panels Som is degrdated faster
	C/N ration	The sanme as SOM	The sanme as SOM
	pH	Place out of solar panels coul de acidificated	Places under panels – soil can by erodet and loosing bazic cationts
Biomass	Bulk density	decreased bulk density by protectiom biomass from wind and extrem sun	Increased bulk density by desrtoy biomass concorsium	Naturaly occurs plants can produce higher biomass so incresed bulk density
	Macroagregates	Naturaly occurs plants produce larger amounts of root matter and organic matter. What more it cost higher biodiverzity os soil biota
	Soil organic matter	Naturally ocurs plants They thrive better and produce that way more SOM	Naturally ocurs plants have longer hair roots and produce more exudates	Naturaly occurs plants cbetter cooperate with other parts of living soil and cost stabilization of Som
	C/N ration	Naturally ocurs plants are very diverse group of organisms and they can decresased od increased of C/N ratio
	pH	Naturally ocurs plants are very diverse group of organisms and they can produce H + and (OH–) asswal
Temperature	Bulk density	Soil air contacts	Lower temperatures cause a slower metabolism of microorganisms
	Macroagregates	Temperature increases, organic substances can dissolve faster and minerals can be more dissolved	Temperature increases, microorganisms can multiply faster	Soil expandion and contraction
	Soil organic matter	Faster decomposition of SOM	Destruction of soil biota
	C/N ration	Lower temperature = faster humification	Higher temperature = faster mineralization
	pH	Higher temperature = faster oxidation	High temperature = Faster decomposition of SOM produce acid substances	Soil to dry out and increase salt concentration

In the table, one master property, namely microorganisms, is intentionally omitted. This category is so heterogeneous that in the case of all predicted effects of PV on master properties, one can always assume improvement or deterioration, the degree depending on the specific situation.

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