Evaluation of flock structure and performances of Bonga sheep under extensive management conditions in Kaffa Zone, South Western Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of study area.

Table 1. Livestock size owned by community based breeding program (CBBP) participants and non-participants.

	Participation type (CBBP)
	CBBP participants (N = 102)	Non–participants (N = 98)	Overall (N = 200)	Test
Species	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	F-value	p-Value
Cattle	5.1 ± 0.20^b	6.6 ± 0.34^a	5.8 ± 0.22	4.41	0.031
Sheep	10.8 ± 0.43^a	7.4 ± 0.26^b	9.1 ± 0.28	11.32	0.002
Goat	2.5 ± 0.20	2.5 ± 0.19	2.5 ± 0.14	0.53	0.458
Horse	1.5 ± 0.08	1.2 ± 0.05	1.3 ± 0.06	0.11	0.742
Donkey	0.4 ± 0.27^b	1.2 ± 0.51^a	0.8 ± 0.35	7.68	<0.001
Mule	0.02 ± 0.15^b	0.6 ± 0.10^a	0.31 ± 0.12	6.12	<0.001
Chickens	6.6 ± 0.33	6.3 ± 0.26	6.4 ± 0.29	1.01	0.313

N: number of households; SE: standard error; ^a,bdifferent superscript letters indicate indicate significant differences between CBBP participants and non-participants.

Table 2. Sheep flock structure owned by community based breeding program (CBBP) participants and non-participants.

	Participation type (CBBP)						Test
	Participant (N = 102)		Non-participant (N = 98)		Overall (N = 200)		F-value	p-Value
Class of sheep	Mean ± SE	%	Mean ± SE	%	Mean ± SE	%
Male <6 months	2.0 ± 0.19	12.50	1.8 ± 0.13	10.47	2.2 ± 0.11	11.50	0.02	0.867
Female <6 months	2.9 ± 0.13^a	11. 01	2.0 ± 0.11^b	10.15	2.0 ± 0.09	10.50	7.41	<0.001
Male 6 month to 1 year	3.3 ± 0.14	14.72	2.7 ± 0.12	15.41	2.8 ± 0.09	15.00	1.58	0.763
Female 6 month to 1 year	4.9 ± 0.20^a	16.00	2.8 ± 0.18^b	14. 81	3.0 ± 0.13	15.70	2.10	<0.001
Male >1 year	4.1 ± 0.17^a	24.20	2.4 ± 0.16^b	17.96	3.2 ± 0.12	17.00	6.80	<0.001
Female >1 year	3.2 ± 0.09^a	17.34	1.2 ± 0.16^b	16.50	4.0 ± 0.11	21.26	7.81	<0.001
Castrates	1.1 ± 0.03^b	6.12	2.2 ± 0.06^a	12.47	1.7 ± 0.04	9.00	7.85	0.001

N: number of observation; SE: standard error; different superscripted letters indicates significance difference across participation type.

Table 3. Purpose of sheep production by community based breeding program (CBBP) participants and non-participants.

	Participation type (CBBP)
	Participants (N = 102)					Non-participants (N = 98)					Overall (N = 200)
Purpose	R1	R2	R3	I	R	R1	R2	R3	I	R	R1	R2	R3	I	R
Cash income	64	21	8	0.4	1st	45	35	18	0.3	1st	109	56	26	0.4	1st
Saving	20	31	47	0.3	2nd	12	13	20	0.1	4th	32	44	67	0.2	2nd
Social value	11	28	34	0.2	3rd	15	16	18	0.1	3rd	26	44	52	0.2	3rd
Meat	0	6	10	0	5th	6	12	14	0.09	5th	6	18	24	0.1	5th
Wealth	0	10	2	0	4^th	17	19	25	0.1	2nd	17	29	27	0.1	4th

Index: sum of (3 × number of household ranked first(R1) + 2 × number of household ranked second (R2) + 1 × number of household ranked third (R3)) given for each species of each Districts divided by sum of (3 × number of household ranked first(R1) + 2 × number of household ranked second(R2) + 1 × number of household ranked third (R3)) for all crateria.

Table 4. Breeding management by community based breeding program (CBBP) participants and non-participants.

	Participation type (CBBP)						Test
	Participant (N = 102)		Non-participant (N = 98)		Overall (N = 200)
Breeding management	N	%	N	%	N	%	X^2	p-Value
Do you have breeding ram?							40.51	<0.001
Yes	78	76.50	31	31.63	109	54.50
No	24	23.50	67	68.37	91	45.50
Unknown	4	16.67	3	4.49	7	7.70
Allow your ram/s to serve ewes other than yours							71.82	<0.001
Yes	11	10.78	68	69.40	79	39.50
No	91	89.22	30	30.60	121	60.50
Do you allow your ewe to be served by any ram?							109.50	0.001
Yes	12	11.76	84	85.70	96	48.00
No	90	88.24	14	14.30	104	52.00
Mating systems							24.86	0.001
Uncontrolled	33	32.40	65	66.30	98	49.00
Controlled	69	67.60	33	33.70	102	51.00
Purpose of keeping breeding ram/s							9.24	0.013
Mating only	28	27.50	2	2.04	30	15.00
Mating and fattening	54	52.90	70	71.42	124	62.00
Mating and socio-cultural	20	19.60	26	26.50	46	23.00

N: number of observation; X²: Chi-square.

Table 5. Major sheep production constraints of community based breeding program (CBBP) participants and non-participants.

	Participation type (CBBP)
	Participants					Non-participants					Overall
Constraints	R1	R2	R3	I	R	R1	R2	R3	I	R	R1	R2	R3	I	R
Disease and parasite	92	10	0	0.57	1st	36	26	18	0.30	2nd	128	36	18	0.40	1st
Predator	10	52	12	0.28	2nd	62	32	18	0.46	1st	72	84	30	0.35	2nd
Feed shortage	0	0	35	0.07	3rd	0	28	18	0.13	3rd	0	28	53	0.09	3rd
Water shortage	0	0	20	0.04	5th	0	0	24	0.04	5th	0	0	44	0.04	4th
Labor	0	0	25	0.05	4th	0	12	15	0.07	4th	0	12	40	0.05	5th

Index: sum of (3 × number of household ranked first(R1) + 2 × number of household ranked second (R2) + 1 × number of household ranked third(R3)) given for each species of each Districts divided by sum of (3 × number of household ranked first(R1) + 2 × number of household ranked second(R2) + 1 × number of household ranked third(R3)) for all constraints.

Table 6. Opportunities of sheep production in the study.

	Participation type (CBBP)
	Participation (N = 102)					Non–participant (N = 98)					Overall
Opportunities	R1	R2	R3	I	R	R1	R2	R3	I	R	R1	R2	R3	I	R
High market demand	67	27	8	0.43	1st	45	36	17	0.38	1st	112	63	25	0.41	1st
Low initial cost	1	27	49	0.17	3rd	16	9	28	0.16	3rd	17	36	77	0.17	3rd
Presence of selected sheep breed	34	28	35	0.32	2nd	37	31	30	0.35	2nd	71	59	65	0.33	2nd
Availability of feed and water	0	6	7	0.03	5th	0	10	15	0.06	4th	0	16	22	0.05	4th
Need less labor	0	12	2	0.04	4th	0	7	2	0.03	5th	0	19	4	0.04	5th
Need less land	0	2	1	0.01	6th	0	5	1	0.02	6th	0	7	2	0.01	6th

Index: sum of (3 × number of household ranked first (R1) + 2 × number of household ranked second (R2) + 1 × number of household ranked third (R3)) given for each species of each Districts divided by sum of (3 × number of household ranked first (R1) + 2 × number of household ranked second (R2) + 1 × number of household ranked third (R3)) far all opportunities; CBBP: community based breeding program.

Table 7. Lambing interval, days open and litter size (mean ± SE) for the effect of management, birth type, parity and birth season for Bonga sheep.

		LI (months)	DO (days)	LS
Fixed effects	N	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Overall	156	9.4 ± 0.18	20.2 ± 0.13	1.4 ± 0.04
Management		**	Ns	Ns
CBBP participants	103	8.5 ± 0.22^b	20.1 ± 0.20	1.4 ± 0.06
Non-participants	53	10.5 ± 0.28^a	20.4 ± 0.18	1.4 ± 0.69
Birth type	156	Ns	Ns	Ns
Single	89	8.3 ± 0.16	20.0 ± 0.16	1.3 ± 0.06
Twin	67	8.2 ± 0.31	19.2 ± 0.25	1.3 ± 0.10
Parity of dam	156	*	Ns	*
1	45	9.4 ± 0.23^a	20.0 ± 2.70	1.3 ± 0.09^bc
2	42	8.0 ± 0.26^c	19.8 ± 0.27	1.4 ± 0.09^b
3	41	8.0 ± 3.00^c	19.5 ± 0.50	1.0 ± 0.00^c
4	15	8.4 ± 0.41^b	19.9 ± 0.26	1.6 ± 0.16^a
≥5	13	8.2 ± 0.32^bc	19.7 ± 0.26	1.2 ± 0.11^c
Birth season	156	*	*	Ns
Dry	33	7.9 ± 0.44^b	20.7 ± 0.46^a	1.3 ± 0.18
Wet	123	9.3 ± 0.15^a	19.0 ± 0.14^b	1.3 ± 0.05

^a–cMeans with different superscripts within the same column are significantly different *significant at p < 0.05; **highly significant at p < 0.01; Ns: non-significant at p > 0.05; N: number of observations; LI: Lambing interval; DO: days open; LS: litter size; SE: standard error; CBBP: community based breeding program.

Table 8. Mean ± SE for fixed effects of sex, management, birth type, parity and birth season on growth performance.

	BWT (kg)		WWT (kg)	6MWT (kg)	PrWADG (gm)	PoWADG (gm)
Fixed effects	N	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Overall	156	3.8 ± 0.06	16.0 ± 0.10	27.8 ± 0.33	136.0 ± 0.00	133.0 ± 0.02
Sex of lamb	156	**	**	Ns	*	Ns
Male	186	4.0 ± 0.70^a	17.0 ± 0.13^a	27.7 ± 0.42	135.0 ± 0.03^a	132.0 ± 0.00
Female	36	3.8 ± 0.07^b	16.1 ± 0.13^b	27.8 ± 0.45	124.0 ± 0.01^b	133.0 ± 0.00
Management	156	**	*	Ns	Ns	*
CBBP	103	3.9 ± 0.94	16.3 ± 0.15	27.8 ± 0.44	137.0 ± 0.01	132.0 ± 0.03^a
NCBBP	53	2.6 ± 0.72	15.8 ± 0.12	27.8 ± 0.50	135.0 ± 0.04	127.0 ± 0.23^b
Birth type	156	**	*	**	*	Ns
Single	99	3.8 ± 0.70^a	17.3 ± 0.07^a	29.7 ± 0.62^a	135.0 ± 0.00^a	133.0 ± 0.02
Twin	57	2.8 ± 0.12^b	16.2 ± 0.12^b	27.9 ± 0.39^b	118.0 ± 0.00^b	133.0 ± 0.03
Parity	156	Ns	**	**	Ns	*
1	22	4.2 ± 0.40	16.9 ± 0.25^a	28.8 ± 3.36^ab	141.0 ± 0.00	136.0 ± 0.01^cb
2	43	3.7 ± 0.10	16.1 ± 0.16^b	26.9 ± 0.57^c	137.0 ± 0.01	128.0 ± 0.00^d
3	43	3.9 ± 0.96	16.0 ± 0.18^b	29.1 ± 0.55^a	134.0 ± 0.01	140.0 ± 0.00^a
4	15	3.6 ± 0.21	16.1 ± 0.41^b	26.0 ± 0.84^d	138.0 ± 0.03	124.0 ± 0.00^e
≥5	27	3.8 ± 0.13	15.0 ± 0.20^c	28.3 ± 0.76^b	134.0 ± 0.02	135.0 ± 0.00^c
Birth season	156	*	**	*	*	*
Dry	68	2.7 ± 0.09^b	16.0 ± 0.15^b	25.0 ± 0.71^b	126.0 ± 0.01^b	127.0 ± 0.00^b
Wet	88	3.9 ± 0.06^a	18.1 ± 0.13^a	27.8 ± 0.36^a	135.0 ± 0.01^a	132.0 ± 0.00^a

N: number of observation; BWT: birth weight; WWT: weaning weight; 6MWT: six months weight; PrWADG; pre weaning average daily weight gain; PoWADG: post weaning average daily weight gain; *significant at p < 0.05; **highly significant at p < 0.01; SE: standard error; CBBP: community based breeding program; NCBBP: non participant community based breeding program; ^a–dmeans with different superscripts within the same column are significantly different across variables.

Data availability statement

Data used and analyzed for this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.