Occurrence, distribution, and management experiences of rice (Oryza sativa L.) major diseases and pests in Ethiopia: a review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Agro-ecological suitability map for rain-fed rice production of Ethiopia (MoA, 2010; MoARD, 2010).

Figure 2. Different stages of rice stem borer identified from rice in Ethiopia (Bewket, 2018).

Figure 3. Distribution of rice diseases in Pawi and Jawi districts during 2020 main cropping season (Gudisa, 2020).

Table 1. The overall disease prevalence, incidence, and severity of rice diseases in different administrative districts of Ethiopia.

Districts	Diseases	Causative agent	Growth stage						References
			Vegetative			Heading
			P	I	S	P	I	S
Libo Kemkem	Brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	42	16	12				Zeleke et al., 2019
	Leaf blast	Pyricularia oryzae	0	0	0
	Kernel smut	Tilletia horrida	4	1	25
	Neck blast	Pyricularia oryzae	0	0	0
	Panicle blast	Pyricularia oryzae	0	0	0
	Sheath blight	Rhizoctonia solani	8	2	3
	Sheath brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	77	23	18
	Sheath rot	Sarocladium oryzae	61	19	15
	RYMV		0	0	0
Fogera	Brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	15	12	12				Zeleke et al., 2019
	Leaf blast	Pyricularia oryzae	25	18	16
	Kernel smut	Tilletia horrida	14	16	30
	Neck blast	Pyricularia oryzae	24	3	30
	Panicle blast	Pyricularia oryzae	23	11	30
	Sheath blight	Rhizoctonia solani	7	4	5
	Sheath brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	60	28	23
	Sheath rot	Sarocladium oryzae	73	40	38
	RYMV		4	12	15
Dera	Brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	5	23	11				Zeleke et al., 2019
	Leaf blast	Pyricularia oryzae	13	15	10
	Neck blast	Pyricularia oryzae	21	7	17
	Kernel smut	Tilletia horrida	7	3	22
	Panicle blast	Pyricularia oryzae	28	27	18
	Sheath blight	Rhizoctonia solani	6	2	2
	Sheath brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	43	28	14
	Sheath rot	Sarocladium oryzae	74	46	30
	RYMV		4	0	13
Pawe	Brown spot	Cochliobolus miyabeanus	32.43	46.15	1.40	47.83	74.00	1.90	Wubneh & Bayu, 2016
	Leaf blast	Pyricularia oryzae	80.08	75.00	5.20	100.0	96.0	7.21
	Panicle blast	Pyricularia oryzae	13.51	11.15	1.10	100.0	100.0	10.3
	Sheath blight	Rhizoctonia solani	56.75	69.23	2.70	62.16	42.30	2.90
	Sheath spot	Rhizoctonia oryzae	21.62	25.00	1.60	16.21	28.84	1.71
	Bacterial leaf strike	Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola	32.64	35.13	21.2	0.80	46.15	1.10
Guraferda	Leaf blast	Pyricularia oryzae				100	85.69	55.7	Asfaha et al., 2015
						100	75.5	55.4
						100	69.8	48.5
Yeki						100	54.61	42.1
Jimbo						100	66.5	47.7
						100	42.01	36.6

P: prevalence; I: incidence; S: severity; RYMV: rice yellow motel virus; PV: pathovar.

Figure 4. The disease severity level in vegetative and heading growth stages of rice at Pawe district (Wubneh & Bayu, 2016). Where: veg: vegetative growth stage; head: head setting growth stage; PB: panicle blast; LB: leaf blast; BS: brown spot; SB: sheath blight; BPB: bacterial panicle blight; SS: sheath rot; BLS: bacterial leaf strike.

Figure 5. Symptoms of sheath rot (a), sheath brown (b), and brown spot (c) disease in a rice field in Ethiopia. Source: Zeleke et al. (2019).

Figure 6. Symptoms of panicle blast (A), neck blast (B), node blast (C), and leaf blast (D) diseases in rice field in Ethiopia. Source: Zeleke et al. (2019).

Figure 7. Symptoms of sheath blight (a) and rice yellow motile viruses (b) diseases in rice filed. Source: Zeleke et al. (2019).

Figure 8. Few medicinal plants [Kulkual (Euphorbia abyssinica) J. Gmel] (a), Eret (Aloe sp.) (b), Nechbahirzaf (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) (c), and Nechshinkuret (Allium sativum L.) (d) are used to treat different diseases, including rice, in Ethiopia. Source: Mekonnen et al. (2022).

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