Dairy product market participation and its impacts on household food security of smallholder farmers in Jimma zone Ethiopia: A PSM approach

Figures & data

Table 1. Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents (dummy variables).

Variables	Categories	Participant		Non-participant		% total	Chi-square
		Count	%	N	%
Sex of household head	Male	122	45.9	96	36.1	82	0.565
	Female	24	9	24	9	18
Off-farm participation	No	81	30.5	96	36.1	66.6	17.787***
	Yes	65	24.4	24	9	33.4
Training participation	No	59	22.2	66	24.8	47	5.628**
	Yes	87	32.7	54	20.3	53
Credit use	No	129	48.5	109	41	89.5	0.429
	Yes	17	6.4	11	4.1	10.5
Access to dairy inputs	No	46	17.3	87	32.7	50	44.273***
	Yes	100	37.6	33	12.4	50
Cooperative membership	No	67	25.2	80	30.1	55.3	11.5***
	Yes	79	29.7	40	15.0	44.7
Cross breed cow own	No	58	21.8	93	35.0	56.8	38.294***
	Yes	88	33.1	27	10.2	43.2

***, **, *shows 1%, 5% and10% level of significance respectively.

Table 2. Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents (continuous variables).

Variables	Participant		Non-participant		t-test value
	Mean	Std. Dev	Mean	Std. Dev
Age	41.43	11.81	42.8	10.03	1.75*
Education level	3.95	3.15	4.12	3.15	1.492
Family size	4.75	1.70	4.26	1.85	−2.266**
Market distance	4.37	2.02	5.75	2.41	5.081***
Land size	2.32	1.60	1.86	1.40	−2.442**
Total HH Income	48200	54240	30903	38147	−2.942***
Livestock size	5.07	3.06	4.02	2.85	−8.334***
Dairy experience	10.23	6.05	10	6.90	−0.304
Extension contact	1.57	1.17	1.18	1.04	−2.869***

HH: Household.

***, **, *shows 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance respectively.

Table 3. Milk marketing.

	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Dev
Milk produced (liters per day per household)	266	0.00	19.00	3.50	2.13
Milk marketed (liters per day)	266	0.00	15.00	1.35	1.75

Figure 1. Milk market participation and food security.

Table 4. Factors affecting dairy market participation.

Market Participation	Coef	Std. Err	z	P > z	Odd Ratios
Sex of respondent	0.1349	0.4511	0.30	0.765	1.14
Age of respondent	−0.0355	0.0162	−2.19	0.029**	0.96
Education level	−0.1411	0.0596	−2.37	0.018**	0.87
Family size	0.2131	0.1034	2.06	0.039**	1.24
Market distance	−0.1809	0.0805	−2.25	0.025**	0.83
Land size	0.0089	0.1176	0.08	0.939	1.01
Total household income	4.43e-06	4.20e-06	1.06	0.291	1.00
Livestock size own	0.2945	0.0629	4.68	0.000***	1.34
Off-farm engagement	1.3526	0.3955	3.42	0.001***	3.87
Extension contact	0.0655	0.1625	0.40	0.687	1.07
Training participation	−0.5226	0.3775	−1.38	0.166	0.59
Credit use	0.0525	0.5521	0.10	0.924	1.05
Dairy Experience	0.0254	0.0273	0.93	0.353	1.03
Access to dairy input	1.0302	0.5022	2.05	0.040**	2.80
Cross breed cow own	0.9529	0.5268	1.81	0.070*	2.59
Cooperative membership	0.7467	0.3724	2.01	0.045**	2.11
_cons	−1.3888	1.0469d	−1.33	0.185	0.23
Number of obs = 266 LR chi^2(16) = 138.78 Prob > chi^2 = 0.0000				Log likelihood = −113.708 Pseudo R^2 = 0.379

***, **, *Significant at 1%, 5% and 10% level respectively.

Figure 2. Density of propensity score distribution.

Table 5. Chi-square test.

Matching method	Sample	Ps R^2	LR chi^2	p > chi^2	Matched sample size
kernel	Unmatched	0.388	142.02	0.000	226
	Matched	0.062	21.87	0.190
Caliper	Unmatched	0.388	142.02	0.000	207
	Matched	0.062	13.02	0.735
Neighbor	Unmatched	0.388	142.02	0.000	226
	Matched	0.094	23.40	0.010

Table 6. Impact of dairy product market participation on household food security.

Outcome variables	Matching method	Treated	Controls	ATT Difference	S.E	T-stat	Percent change
FCS	kernel	36.54	31.47	5.06	3.63	0.084	13.84
	Neighbor	36.54	31.74	4.80	3.97	0.071	13.13
	Caliper	35.59	31.76	5.83	4.62	0.083	16.38
HDD	kernel	7.32	6.47	0.85	0.44	0.09	11.60
	Neighbor	7.65	6.47	1.18	0.64	0.022	15.42
	Caliper	7.65	6.47	1.18	0.64	0.022	15.42

ATT: Average Treatment effect on the Treated.

FCS: Food Consumption Score.

HDD: Household Dietary Diversity.

Table 7. Sensitivity analysis.

Gamma	sig+	sig-	t-hat+	t-hat-	CI+	CI-
1	0	0	43.5	43.5	41	45.75
1.25	0	0	41.5	45.25	39.25	47.75
1.5	0	0	40	46.75	37.75	49.25
1.75	0	0	38.75	48.25	36.5	50.5
2	0	0	37.75	49.25	35.25	51.75
2.25	0	0	36.75	50.25	34.25	52.9
2.5	0	0	36	51	33.5	53.75
2.75	0	0	35.25	51.75	32.75	54.5
3	1.1e-16	0	34.5	52.5	32	55.25
3.25	2.2e-15	0	34	53.25	31.5	56
3.5	2.1e-14	0	33.5	53.75	31	56.5
3.75	1.4e-13	0	33	54.25	30.5	57.25
4	7.8e-13	0	32.5	54.75	30	57.75
4.25	3.5e-12	0	32	55.25	29.5	58.25
4.5	1.3e-11	0	31.75	55.75	28.85	58.75
4.75	4.4e-11	0	31.5	56	28.5	59.25
5	1.3e-10	0	31	56.5	28.25	59.75

*gamma - log odds of differential assignment due to unobserved factors.

sig+ - upper bound significance level.

sig- - lower bound significance level.

t-hat+ - upper bound Hodges-Lehmann point estimate.

t-hat- - lower bound Hodges-Lehmann point estimate.

CI+ - upper bound confidence interval (a= .95).

CI- - lower bound confidence interval (a= .95).

Data availability statement

The data will be available upon request from the first author.