Livestock feed potential of mango (Mangifera indica Linn) seed kernel

Figures & data

Table 1. Proximate analysis values of mango seed kernel.

Characteristic	Reported values (mean)
	Znikou et al., 2010; Yasin et al.,2022 ;Dhingra & Kapoor, 1985; Changso, 2008
Moisture content %	38.55-45.20
Crude protein %	5.34-6.36
Fats (oil) %	7.82-13.00
Crude fiber %	2.02-3.96
Ash content %	2.75-3.20
ME (kcal/kg)	3275-3400
NFE%	67-70

ME: metabolizable energy; NFE: nitrogen free extractives.

Table 2. Important minerals in mango seed kernel mg/100g.

	Znikou et al., 2010; Fowomola, 2010
Calcium (Ca)	110-111
Magnesium (Mg)	85-95
Potassium (K)	18-22
Sodium (Na)	21-26
Phosphorus (P)	19-20
Iron (Fe)	12
Manganese (Mn)	1

Table 3. Essential amino acid profile in mango seed kernel (g/100g protein).

Essential amino acids	Reported values (mean)
	Arogba, (1999), Dakare et al., 2012, Yasin et al., 2022)
Lysine	3.13-5.5
Methionine	1.02-2.3
Threonine	2.03-3.38
Arginine	5.2-8.86
Valine	3.90-5.0
Histidine	2.29-2.65

Table 4. World’s top ten mango producers, 2021.

No	Country	Variety	Production (tons/year)
1	India	Alphonso, Badami, Chaunsa, Dasheri, Kesar, Jauhari, Lucknowi, Fazli, Totapuri, Banganapalli, Sindhuri, Kalmi, Neelam, Langra	25,337,400
2	China	Zillate, Mallika, Deshehari, Edward, Saigon, R2E2, Spooner, Bambaroo	4,351,593
3	Thailand	Brahm Kai Meu	2,550,600
4	Pakistan	Anwar Ratol, Langra, Sindhri, Chaunsa, Fajri, Samar Bahist, Dasehri, Saroli	2,784,300
5	Mexico	Ataulfo, Haden, Tommy Atkins, Kent, Keitt	2,632,650
6	Indonesia	Arumanis, Gedong	3,613,540
7	Brazil	Espada, Rosa, Bourbon, Uba	1,188,910
8	Bangladesh	Gopalbhog, Himsagar, Khirsapat, Langra, Fasli, Ashwina, Amropali	1,547,850
9	Philippine	Champagne mangoes	852,576
10	Nigeria	Kerosene, Sherri	927,200

Source: FAOSTAT (2021).

Table 5. Estimated area of production and yield of mango fruits in Ethiopia during the Meher season for the last three years (2020-2022).

Year	Area in hectare	Production in quintal (qt)	Yield in (qt/ha)
2019/20	16,340.92	1,051,660.85	64.36
2020/21	20,783.10	1,513,312.40	72.81
2021/22	24,153.55	1,426,301.14	59.05

Source: CSA, (2020, 2021, 2022); and FAOSTAT (2021).

Table 6. Estimated area of production and yield of mango fruits for three high producing regions of Ethiopia during the Meher season (2020-2022).

Amhara region
Year	Area in hectare	Production in quintal (qt)	Yield in (qt/ha)
2019/20	–	82,940	–
2020/21	295.20	–	–
2021/22	2,321.70	115,239.16	49.64
Oromia region
2019/20	–	389,554	–
2020/21	244.43	10,857.87	44.42
2021/22	10,240.90	619,888.07	60.53
SNNP region
2019/20	–	502,925	–
2020/21	313.16	21,275.81	67.94
2021/22	7,520.90	557,527.62	74.13

Source: CSA, (2020, 2021, 2022); and FAOSTAT (2021).

Table 7. Estimated by product yield of mango fruits for three high producing regions during the Meher season during the last three years (2020-2022).

Amhara region
Year	Area in hectare	Production in quintal (qt)	Yield in (qt/ha)	Peal production(qt)	MSK production(qt)
2019/20	–	82,940	–	12441	49764
2020/21	295.20	–	–	–	–
2021/22	2,321.70	115,239.16	49.64	17285.874	69143.49
Oromia region
2019/20		389,554	–	58433.1	233732.4
2020/21	244.43	10,857.87	44.42	1628.68	6514.72
2021/22	10,240.90	619,888.07	60.53	92983.21	371932.85
SNNP region
2019/20	–	502,925	–	75438.75	301755
2020/21	313.16	21,275.81	67.94	3191.37	12765.49
2021/22	7,520.90	557,527.62	74.13	83629.14	334516.57

Source: CSA, (2020, 2021, 2022); and FAOSTAT (2021).

Table 8. MSK toxic substances and handling process.

MSK toxic substances	Handling process
	Yasin et al., 2022; Dakare et al., 2012; Odunsi, 2005; Ramteke et al., 2019, Rehman and Shah, 2005
Tannin	Sundried + Boiled; Sundried + Boiled + Ca(OH)2; soaking + cooking + sundried + milling
Cyanogenic glucosides	Boiled + Ca(OH)2; Sundried + Boiled; Sundried + Boiled + Ca(OH)2
Oxalates	Sun dried + Boiled, boiled + HCI
Trypsin inhibitors	boiled + HCI; Boiled + Ca(OH)2; Sun dried + Boiled ; Sun dried + Boiled + Ca(OH)2

Table 9. Inclusion level of MSK in animal feeds.

Animal type	Recommended level of RMSK	Recommended level of Treated MSK
	Morton, 1987; Gohl, 1982; Yasin et al., 2022; Dakare et al., 2012; Odunsi, 2005
Broiler	Less than 10% of total feed	Up to 30% of total feed
layer	Less than 10% of total feed	Up to 25% of total feed
Ruminants	Less than 50% of total feed	40-60% of total feed

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