Genetic analysis and quality assessment of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) landraces in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Description of the test genotypes.

S/N	Name	Form	Origin	Woreda	Locality	S/N	Name	Form	Origin	Woreda	Locality
1	Acc 5152	Landrace	SNNP	Hula	Hagere	26	Acc 5586,	Landrace	Oromia	Gedo
2	Acc 5373	Landrace	Oromia	Ada’a	Filtino	27	Acc 5428	Landrace	Oromia	Tiyo	Asela
3	Acc 243733	Landrace	Amahra	Gonda	7.8 km	28	Acc 6933	Landrace	Oromia	Agarfa	Agarfa
4	Acc 242791	Landrace	Oromia	Gimbic		29	Obsa	Improved	Oromia	Sinana	SARC
5	Acc 5457,	Landrace	Oromia	Ejere		30	Acc 242780	Landrace	Oromia	Lome	25km
6	Acc 242787	Landrace	Oromia	Gimbic		31	Acc 2211,	Landrace	Oromia	Meta
7	Acc 5344	Landrace	Oromia	Akaki	Bole	32	Acc 226879	Landrace	Oromia	Meta	–
8	Acc 7576	Landrace	Amhara	Were	Kata on	33	Acc 5141	Landrace	Tigray	Endam
9	Acc 7010,	Landrace	B/Gumz	Wenber		34	Acc 7665	Landrace	Amahra	Enema	Sherar
10	Acc 5760	Landrace	Oromia	Mana	10km SE	35	Acc 5354	Landrace	Oromia	Alem	Tefki
11	Acc 7580	Landrace	Amahra	Jama	Gibat on	36	Acc 7673	Landrace	Amahra	Enema	Yerez
12	Dire	Improved	Oromia	Sinana	SARC	37	Acc 5198	Landrace	Amhara	Dembe	Denbech
13	Acc 243401,	Landrace	Oromia	Gasara	Jile	38	Acc 243706	Landrace	Oromia	Mulo
14	Acc 5472	Landrace	Amahra	Minjar	Yenigus	39	Acc 5510	Landrace	Oromia	Bereh	Kakisa
15	Acc 230678	Landrace	Oromia	Ginir	01Kabele	40	Acc 242783	Landrace	Oromia	Lome	1km
16	Bulala	Improved	Oromia	Sinana	SARC	41	Acc 242782	Landrace	Oromia	Lome	1km
17	Acc 6988	Landrace	Oromia	Merti	Ofa 6 Km	42	Acc 226694	Landrace	Oromia	–	–
18	Acc 5473,	Landrace	Amhara	Farta		43	Acc 235051	Landrace	Amhara	Legam	110km
19	Acc 5149	Landrace	Oromia	Alem	Tefki	44	Acc 7210	Landrace	Oromia	Ambo	Asgori
20	Acc 222393	Landrace	Oromia	A/Robe	–	45	Acc 7647	Landrace	Amahra	Hulet	Mota
21	Acc 7295,	Landrace	Amhara	Debre		46	Acc 6974	Landrace	Amahra	Enema	22km
22	Acc 6978	Landrace	Amahra	Enarj	Embeyem	47	Acc 5591	Landrace	Oromia	Akaki	sheno
23	Acc 8072	Landrace	Oromia	Ginir	Ginir	48	Acc 242790	Landrace	Oromia	Gimbic	Gimbic
24	Acc 5020	Landrace	Oromia	Ada’a	SE slope	49	Acc 243403	Landrace	Oromia	Gsara	Engoye
25	Acc 5342,	Landrace	Amhara	Macha

Note: Acc: Accession; SNNP: South Nation and Nationalities and People; SARC: Sinana Agricultural Research Center.

Table 2. Analysis of variance (mean squares) for 20 studied traits of 49 durum wheat accessions studied at Sinana and Selka during 2018/19.

Locations
Sinana						Selka
Traits	Genotypes (df = 48)	Error (df = 36)	Replication (df = 1)	bk × rep (df = 12)	CV (%)	Traits	Genotypes (df = 48)	Error (df = 36)	Replication (df = 1)	bk × rep (df = 12)	CV (%)
DH	31.96*	8.82	2.00	3.13	4.72	DH	25.98**	4.38	7.44	6.96	3.20
DM	48.39*	12.15	151.88	9.65	2.97	DM	33.68**	6.93	5.87	4.72	2.20
PLH	177.44**	25.29	35.52	29.04	4.88	PLH	234.31**	44.44	68.61	42.04	6.07
GFP	40.59*	16.33	188.73	15.62	7.41	GFP	41.17**	9.13	26.54	14.76	5.60
BM	22475215.0**	4474178.0	44381658.	3698682.0	16.64	BM	9370323.0*	4446995.5	72859693.9	7431122	15.83
GY	1187036.0**	126021.2	792720.37	283529.0	8.10	GY	829618.0**	221348.27	2345252.0	340790	12.22
HI	62.17*	29.88	527.2	42.16	15.20	HI	68.99*	22.50	786.91	28.19	15.86
SPL	2.95*	0.73	1.05	1.70	11.61	SPL	2.68**	0.48	0.90	0.54	9.53
SPS	6.47*	2.30	5.88	2.10	9.18	SPS	7.69*	2.41	4.08	1.01	9.12
KPS	68.02**	18.14	1.47	14.62	13.18	KPS	43.52*	15.00	11.11	11.45	12.65
PTL	1.27**	0.28	0.09	3.38	18.02	PTL	0.93**	0.24	0.09	0.47	18.78
TKW	37.15**	7.86	19.13	17.76	6.95	TKW	37.11**	3.74	21.78	3.94	4.98
HLW	13.35**	2.04	4.25	2.33	1.80	HLW	7.87*	2.45	1.78	1.83	1.97
VTR	751.94**	110.23	6.90	143.23	11.96	VTR	342.49**	76.43	0.09	90.55	10.25
GPC	4.26*	1.23	0.15	1.42	7.95	GPC	3.06*	1.41	0.74	1.20	9.02
ZI	80.76*	31.02	154.38	34.27	8.49	ZI	180.56**	43.88	330.61	79.23	11.62
GGL	22.79*	5.52	23.51	9.39	6.96	GGL	31.08**	7.52	39.22	22.17	8.21
WGL	9.87*	4.50	20.94	4.66	6.39	WGL	29.76**	4.46	5.12	3.13	6.48
ASC	0.08*	0.02	0.02	0.03	12.99	ASC	0.12*	0.03	0.01	0.03	16.94
SDS	115.93**	18.98	0.01	19.29	9.51	SAD	106.38*	45.36	77.23	46.78	13.53

Note: df: degree freedom, * and **, p ≤ .05 and .01 level of significances, respectively, ns: non-significant; CV: coefficient of variation, DH: days to heading; DM: days to mature; PLH: plant height; GFP: grain filling period; BM: biomass weight; GY: grain yield; HI: harvest Index; SPL: spike length; SPL: spike length; SPS: number of spike per spike; KPS: number of kernel per spike; PTL: productive tillers: TKW: thousand kernel weight; HLW: hectoliter weight; VTR: vitreous; GPC: grain protein content; ZI: Zeleny Index; GGL: grain gluten; WGL: wet gluten; ASC: ash content; SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Sedimentation; bk: blocks; rep: replications.

Table 3. Analysis of variance (mean squares) for 20 studied traits of 49 durum wheat accessions studied over locations during 2018/19.

Traits	Genotypes (df = 48)	Error ms (df = 85)	Replication (df = 1)	Location (df = 1)	Loc × Geno (df = 48)	Block × Rep. (df = 12)	CV (%)
DH	44.21**	6.57	8.58 ^ns	276.99**	6.31 ^ns	3.196 ^ns	4.00
DM	53.23**	9.58	108.75*	161.65**	16.73*	7.86 ^ns	2.62
PLH	275.55**	31.50	101.43	2188.90*	54.71*	57.37 ^ns	5.27
GFP	56.95**	13.24	178.4*	15.43 ^ns	19.21 ^ns	16.08 ^ns	6.71
BM	20189923.5**	4176996	115485727**	17911033.2*	11263324.8**	8452572.3*	15.70
GY	1870930.71**	154103.80	2932485.00**	13763411.01**	63214.46*	591983.36**	9.53
HI	65.81**	25.5	1301.14**	1785.66**	59.77*	47.24 ^ns	15.36
SPL	3.69**	0.72	0.003 ^ns	0.52 ^ns	0.99 ^ns	0.96^sn	11.58
SPS	8.19**	2.25	9.88*	11.76*	4.38*	1.32^sn	8.94
KPS	74.72**	16.39	2.25 ^ns	142.291*	24.16 ^ns	10.23 ^ns	12.87
PTL	1.23**	0.27	0.18 ^ns	4.59**	0.79**	0.37 ^ns	18.87
TKW	59.20**	6.59	0.05 ^ns	106.827**	5.57 ^ns	13.28*	6.48
HLW	14.55**	2.25	5.76 ^ns	4.72 ^ns	4.90*	1.69 ^ns	1.88
VTR	895.32**	85.12	2.69 ^ns	298.79*	86.80 ^ns	191.19*	10.65
GPC	4.29**	1.35	0.77 ^ns	28.17**	1.77 ^ns	1.02 ^ns	8.56
ZI	163.52**	41.37	16.58 ^ns	3625.76**	55.35 ^ns	84.22*	10.48
GGL	35.95**	6.96	1.00 ^ns	6.61 ^ns	9.69 ^ns	26.52**	7.85
WGL	16.97**	4.44	2.68 ^ns	15.72 ^ns	17.34**	5.22 ^ns	6.41
ASC	0.16**	0.03	0.02 ^ns	0.485**	0.027 ^ns	0.04 ^ns	15.03
SDS	115.44**	31.522	121^ns	760.18**	91.2**	39.01 ^ns	11.75

Note: df: degree freedom; * and **, p ≤ .05 and 0.01 level of significances, respectively; ns: no-significant; CV: coefficient of variation; DH: days to heading; DM: days to mature; PLH: plant height; GFP: grain filling period; BM: biomass weight; GY: grain yield; HI: harvest Index; SPL: spike length; SPS: number of spike per spike; KPS: number of kernel per spike; PTL: productive tiller; TKW: thousand kernel weight; HLW: hectoliter weight; VTR: vitreous; PC: grain protein content; ZI: Zeleny Index; GGL: grain gluten; WGL: wet gluten; ASC: ash content; SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Sedimentation; Rep: replication; Loc: location; ms: mean squares.

Table 4. Estimate of range, mean, phenotypic (σ²p), genotypic (σ²g) and environmental (σ²e) variances, phenotypic (PCV) and genotypic (GCV) coefficient of variability, broad sense heritability (H²%), genotypic × location variance (σ²gl), expected genetic advance (GA) and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GA %) for twenty characters for combined over locations, 2018/19.

Traits	Range	mean	σ^2gl	σ^2g	σ^2p	σ^2e	GCV	PCV	H^2	GA	GAM
DH	58.7–85.5	64.1	6.3	9.5	14.3	6.6	4.8	5.9	66.4	5.2	8.0
DM	109.5–137.2	118.4	16.7	9.1	19.9	9.6	2.6	3.8	45.9	4.2	3.6
PLH	80.3–137.6	106.4	54.7	55.2	90.4	31.5	7.0	8.9	61.0	11.9	4.3
GFP	44.8–64.1	54.3	19.2	9.4	22.4	13.2	5.7	8.7	42.2	4.1	7.6
BM	8525.0–18275.0	13015.1	11263324.8	2231649.7	8907561.1	4176996.0	11.5	22.9	25.1	1537.1	11.8
GY	2191.5–5565.9	4115.8	63214.5	451929.1	522062.2	154103.8	16.3	17.6	86.6	1286.0	31.2
HI	17.8–40.9	32.9	59.8	1.5	37.8	25.5	3.7	18.7	4.0	0.5	1.5
SPL	5.0–9.8	7.3	1.0	0.7	1.3	0.7	11.2	15.9	50.0	1.2	16.3
SPS	14.0–22.3	16.8	4.4	1.0	3.7	2.2	5.8	11.5	25.7	1.0	6.1
KPS	25.1–46.8	31.5	24.2	12.6	28.8	16.4	11.3	17.1	43.9	4.8	15.4
PTL	1.9–4.8	2.8	0.8	0.1	0.6	0.3	11.9	27.1	19.2	0.3	10.7
TKW	33.7–52.4	39.6	5.6	13.4	17.8	6.6	9.2	10.7	75.2	6.5	16.5
HLW	73.5–84.7	79.4	4.9	2.4	5.4	2.3	2.0	2.9	44.5	2.1	2.7
VTR	20.8–97.2	86.6	86.8	202.1	266.8	85.1	16.4	18.9	75.8	25.4	29.4
GPC	10.7–16.8	13.6	1.8	0.6	1.9	1.3	5.9	10.0	34.0	1.0	7.0
ZI	45.1–80.4	61.3	55.4	27.0	65.1	41.4	8.5	13.2	41.6	6.9	11.2
GGL	24.7–42.5	33.5	9.7	6.6	13.2	7.0	7.6	10.8	49.9	3.7	11.1
WGL	24.7–36.4	32.9	17.3	−0.1	9.7	4.4	0	9.5	1.0	−0.1	−0.2
ASC	0.6–1.4	1.13	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.03	16.09	20.52	61.52	0.29	25.9
SDS	34.3–68.8	47.8	91.2	6.1	59.5	31.5	5.1	16.1	10.2	1.6	3.4

Note: DH: days to heading; DM: days to mature; PLH: plant height; GFP: grain filling period; BM: biomass weight; GY: grain yield; HI: Harvest Index; SPL: spike length; SPS: number of spike per spike; KPS: number of kernel per spike; PTL: productive tillers; TKW: thousand kernel weight; HLW: hectoliter weight; VTR: vitreous; PC: grain protein content; ZI: Zeleny Index; GGL: grain gluten; WGL: wet gluten; ASC: ash content and SDS: Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Sedimentation.

Figure 1. Residual viscoelastic mass water insoluble protein fractions (gluten).

Figure 2. Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation.