Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Listeria monocytogenes in humans, animals, and foods of animal origin in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. Flow chart of study selection for systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in Ethiopia.

Table 1. Summary of 18 studies reporting the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in different parts of Ethiopia, from 2000 to 2022.

Studies	Score	Year of Publication	Region	Study area	Study population	Sample size	Sample type	Diagnosis Method	Prevalence %
Molla et al.	6	2004	Addis Ababa	Addis Ababa	FoAO	316	Milk, Meat products	Culture	5.1
Gebretsadik et al.	9	2011	Addis Ababa	Addis Ababa	FoAO	391	RtEF	Culture	5.4
Derra et al.	7	2013	Addis Ababa	Addis Ababa	FoAO	240	Milk, Meat products	Culture	4.1
Wosilla et al.	6	2013	Oromia	Jimma	FoAO	200	Milk, Milk products	Culture	4.0
Garedew et al.	7	2015	Amhara	Gondar	FoAO	384	RtEF	Culture	6.3
Seyoum et al.	6	2015	Oromia	Central Ethiopia	FoAO	443	Milk and milk products	Culture	5.6
Mulu and Pal.	5	2016	Addis Ababa	Addis Ababa	Animal	384	Sheep carcass	Culture	4.1
Fisseha.	5	2017	Addis Ababa	Addis Ababa	FoAO	340	RtEF	Culture	5.8
Girma and Abebe.	6	2018	Amhara	Debre-Birhan	FoAO	407	Raw bovine milk	Culture	8.8
Weldekidan et al.	8	2019	Tigray	Mekele	Human	141	Blood	Culture	8.5
Mereta et al.	6	2020	Oromia	Jimma Town	FoAO	100	Meat	Culture	7.0
Teshome et al.	5	2019	Oromia	Bishoftu and Dukem	FoAO	200	Milk and milk products	Culture	5.0
Gebremedhin et al.	7	2021	Oromia	Ambo and Holeta	Animal	450	Carcass and blood	Culture	4.4
Ahimed et al.	7	2022	Oromia	Haramaya	Animal	200	feces and animal feed	Culture	5.5
Borena et al.	8	2022	Oromia	Ambo, Holeta and Bako	FoAO	384	Milk and milk products	Culture	2.3
Girma et al.	8	2021	Oromia	Jimma	Human	144	Blood	Culture	5.6
Hussien et al.	7	2021	Oromia	Borena	FoAO	35	Milk and Milk products	Culture	3.2
Kidanu et al.	6	2021	Tigray	Mekele	FoAO	768	Milk and Meat	Culture	3.4

FoAO: Food of animal origin; RtEF: Ready to eat food; Env’t: Environment.

Figure 2. Forest plot of the pooled prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in different parts of Ethiopia.

Figure 3. Funnel plot with 95% confidence limits of the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in different parts of Ethiopia.

Table 2. Subgroup estimate pooled prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in animal, human and food of animal origin in Ethiopia.

Variables	Characteristics	Included studies	Sample size	Pooled prevalence 95% CI
Publication Year	2000–2011	1	316	5.1(−0.49 to 15.1)
	2012–2022	17	3211	5.2(−0.01 to 26.2)
Region	Addis Ababa	5	1331	4.5(0.01 to 9.0)
	Oromia	9	2496	3.9(0.13 to 6.4)
	Amhara	2	791	7.1(−0.29 to 17.1)
	Tigray	2	909	4.1(−0.21 to 10.3)
Study Population	FoAO	13	4208	5.1(0.42 to 10.6)
	Human	2	285	6.4(0.27 to 15.6)
	Animal	3	1034	4.7(−0.40 to 9.1)

Table 3. Antibacterial resistance rates of Listeria monocytogenes from various sources in Ethiopia, from 2000 to 2022.

Studies	Study Population	No. of Isolate	AMP	CL	T	NA	CF	P	T/S	GM	CIP	V	STR	CD	AML	OT	E
Garedew et al.	FoAO	24	_	11.6	37.5	50	_	66.7	0	0	_	0	_	_	0	_	_
Mulu and Pal.	Animal	36	11.1	8.3	60	_	19.4	_	19.4	2.8	25	5.8	11.1	5.6	0	19.4	_
Weldekidan et al.	Human	12	_	40	_	_	_	66.7	_	_	_	50	_	66.7	50	_	25
Girma and Abebe.	Animal	36	_	22.2	25	30.5	_	_	_	_	_	0	11.1	_	11.6	_	_
Fisseha	FoAO	20	10	_	15	40	10	80	10	_	30	_	0	_	_	0	_
Gebremedhin et al.	Animal	20	25	60	55	70	_	25	_	_	_	10	_	15	5	80	30
Mereta et al.	FoAO	2	_	24	59	100	_	76	_	0	_	0	_	_	0	_	_
Kidanu et al.	FoAO	26	0	_	_	96	48	11.5	_	0	0	0	15.4	_	0	_	3.9
Ahimed et al.	Animal	11	0	_	54.5	_	_	9.1	_	0	_	_	27.3	_	27.3	_	0
Borena et al.	FoAO	11	72.7	_	36.4	54.6	27.3	_	_	0	_	82.2	_	_	90.9	_	_

AMP: Ampicillin; AML: Amoxicillin; E: Erythromycin; STR: Streptomycin; T: Tetracycline; NA: Nalidixic acid; P: Penicillin; CF: Cephalothin; GM: Gentamicin; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; CL: Chloramphenicol; T/S: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; CD: Clindamycin; K: Kanamycin; OT: Oxytetracycline; V: Vancomycin; ‘_’ not tested.

Table 4. Percentage of pooled resistance rates of antimicrobials to Listeria monocytogenes isolates from human, animal and food of animal origin in Ethiopia, from 2000 to 2022.

Antimicrobials	Pooled antimicrobial resistance rate (95% CI)
	Animal	FoAO	Human
Ampicillin	6.1 (−12.09, 24.41)	31.5 (−15.82, 78.87)	–
Cephalothin	42.8 (−4.92, 90.55)	23.9 (20.01, 27.82)	36.2 (15.91, 60.53)
Tetracycline	54.9 (36.73, 73.32)	42.7 (22.77, 62.60)	25.0 (−45.56, 95.56)
Nalidixic acid	70.0 (30.80, 109.20)	70.3 (44.07, 96.44)	30.5 (−40.06, 101.06)
Chloramphenicol	19.4 (−51.16, 89.96)	26.3 (8.56, 43.98)	–
Penicillin	12.8 (−6.10, 31.68)	65.7 (42.24, 89.25)	66.7 (43.18, 90.22)
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole	19.4 (−51.16, 89.96)	5.9 (42.24, 89.25)	–
Gentamicin	0.2 (−20.38, 20.86)	0.0 (−3.83, 3.83)	–
Ciprofloxacin	25.0 (−45.56, 95.56)	18.8 (−12.22, 49.92)	–
Vancomycin	9.0 (−25.26, 43.28)	22.7 (−20.52, 65.86)	36.5 (−6.97, 80.01)
Streptomycin	25.9 (5.30, 46.54)	5.7 (−25.35, 36.80)	11.1 (−59.46, 81.66)
Clindamycin	12.8 (−21.48, 47.05)	–	66.7 (43.18, 90.22)
Amoxicillin	20.6 (2.39, 38.89)	24.7 (−22.53, 71.99)	45.8 (22.31, 69.29)
Oxytetracycline	57.1 (−0.50, 114.68)	–	–
Erythromycin	10.3 (−17.60, 38.30)	3.9 (−47.06, 54.86)	25.0 (1.48, 48.52)