Agronomic use of solarization technology on soil fertility and pest management in dryland agriculture

Figures & data

Figure 1. Synthesize literature review methodology flow chart (Cumpston et al., 2023).

Table 1. Plastic color, durations (weeks), and depth (cm) of soil solarization on soil temperature scales (⁰C).

Treatments	Cover type	Duration	Depth	Temperature	Reference
Solarized	BPEP	6	10, 20, 30	56, 52, 46	Abd-Elgawad et al. (2019)
Unsolarizd		–	10, 20, 30	41, 38, 34
Solarized	WPEP	4	0, 10, 20	30, 34, 33	Mullaimaran et al. (2022)
Unsolarizd		4	0, 10, 20	36, 33, 25
Solarized	BPEP	6	10, 20	46, 43	Di Mola et al. (2021)
Unsolarizd		–	10, 20	40, 41
Solarized	BPEP	2	5, 10, 15	47, 43, 40	Dwivedi and Dwivedi (2020)
		3	5, 10, 15	49, 46, 42
		4	5, 10, 15	54, 51, 48
Unsolarizd	–	–	5, 10, 15	38, 34, 29
Solarized	WPEP	3	10, 15	51, 54	Wolie et al. (2023)
Unsolarizd	–		10, 15	38, 42
Solarized	WPEP	4	5, 10	45, 35	Jagtap et al. (2022)
		6	5, 10	48, 40
		8	5, 10	53, 48
Unsolarizd	–	–	5, 10	35, 29
Solarized	WPEP	3	10	37	Safdar et al. (2021)
		6	10	41
		9	10	41
		12	10	52
Unsolarizd	–	4	10	25
Solarized	BPEP	3	5, 10, 20	39, 41, 41	Shutt et al. (2021)
		5	5, 10, 20	41, 42, 42
		7	5, 10, 20	33, 33, 33
Unsolarizd	–	–	10	19

Dash (-) indicates no data recorded or not applied treatment.

WPEP: white polyethylene plastic sheet; BPEP: black polyethylene plastic sheet.

Figure 2. Role of soil solarization on improving the percentage of soil fertility, total population of soil microbiology and crop yields, and reducing diseases and weed seed bank depletion (Abd-Elgawad et al., 2019; Dwivedi and Dwivedi, 2020; Meena et al., 2019; Safdar et al., 2021).

Table 2. Effect of soil solarization on Soil pH, EC organic matter and carbon (%), and soil NPK contents in (mgkg⁻¹⁾.

Treatments	PH	EC	P	K	N	Om	OC	NH4	Na	Ca	Mg	Reference
Solarized	7.8	5.4	50	70	14	–	–	–	–	–	–	Al-Solaimani et al (2015)
Unsolarizd	7.6	5.1	20	62	12	–	–	–	–	–	–
Solarized	7.8	0.8	20	390	45	1.6	–	12.5	15500	–	–	Bhardwaj et al. (2023)
Unsolarizd	7.3	0.4	20.5	193	27	2.2	–	5.2	7600	–	–
Solarized	7.7	–	–	–	–	2.7	1.57	–	–	–	–	Gebretsadkan et al. (2020)
Unsolarizd	7.5		–	–	–	2.6	1.6	–	–	–	–
Solarized	7.2	1.4	–	–	–	15.1	1.45	–	–	–	–	Golzardi et al. (2015)
Unsolarizd	7	1.1	–	–	–	12.7	1.17	–	–	–	–
Solarized	7.8	1.5	70	99.8	12	–	–	–	–	--	–	Hamooh (2014)
)Unsolarizd	7.7	1.7	10	55.9	6	–	–	–	–	–	–
Solarized	7.8	3.14	28	70	151	–	–	–	–	–	–	Neamatallah (2018)
Unsolarizd	7.8	2.26	18	56	104	–	–	–	–	–	–
Solarized	7.6	3.4	142	642	1.6	–	–	–	13800	23700	4100	Al-Shammary et al. (2020)
Unsolarizd	7.2	3.8	135	623	1.43	–	–	–	–	–	–
Solarized	–	–	9.6	166	71	1.12	–	–	–		–	Shutt et al. (2021)
Unsolarizd	–	–	7.4	124	47	0.92	–	–	–	–	–
Solarized	7.3	0.1	21	202	362	2.7	1.5	–	–	11800	2000	Sofi et al. (2014)
Unsolarizd	7.1	0.03	15	153	195	2.6	1.6	–	–	11300	900

P: Phosphorus; K: potassium; N: nitrogen; OM: organic matter; OC: organic carbon; EC: electric conductivity (desm^-1), Dash (-) indicates no data recorded.

Table 3. Soil solarization on population dynamics of soil microbiology (no.g^-1 soils).

Treatment	TMO	Fungi	AMF	Fusarium spp	Actomycete	Bacteria spp.	Nematode spp.	Reference
Solarized	310	4.49	1576	–	–	–	–	Balakrishna et al. (2015)
Unsolarizd	142	2.68	434	–	–	–	–
Solarized	276	96	–	–	84	96	–	Di Mola et al. (2021)
Unsolarizd	262	88	–	–	84	90	–
Solarized	85	–	–	–	–	16	69	Dwivedi and Dwivedi (2020)
Unsolarizd	27	–	–	–	–	12	15
Solarized	7000	–	–	–	–	–	7000	Gebretsadkan et al. (2020)
Unsolarizd	2735	–	–	–	–	–	2735
Solarized	48	32812	–	–	38	–	10	Hamooh and Alsolaimani, (2014); Ney et al. (2019)
Unsolarizd	100	7211	–	–	50	–	50
Solarized	284.6	16.6	–	–	268	–	–	Sharat et al. (2018)
Unsolarizd	132.6	12.6	–	–	120	–	–
Solarized	531.33	–	–	528	–	–	3.33	Shutt et al. (2021)
Unsolarizd	1275.33	–	–	1270	–	–	5.33
Solarized	14.86	4.8	–	4.4	4.4	5.66	152	Sofi et al. (2014)
Unsolarizd	53.58	25.6	–	3.6	3.6	20.78	5650

AMF: Arbuscular microrrhiza fungi; TMO: total number of soil microorganisms.

Dash (-) indicates no data recorded.

Table 5. Effect of soil solarization on numbers of pathogen population (g^-1 of soil), disease infestation and management (%).

Treatments	Durations	Crop type	Diseases (pathogen) type	Diseases parameters			Reference
				Pop. No	Infestation	DME
Solarized	3, 6, 9	Strawberry	Nematode	–	69, 84, 87	90	Abd-Elgawad et al. (2019)
Unsolarizd	–	Strawberry	Nematode	–	10	–
Solarized	4	All type	Fusarium oxysporum	498	–	40.64	Bhardwaj et al. (2023)
Unsolarizd	–	All type	Fusarium oxysporum	839	–	–
Solarized	4	Artichoke	Verticilium wilt	–	34	33	Guerrero et al. (2019)
Unsolarizd	4	Artichoke	Verticilium wilt	–	67	33
Solarized	6	Tomato	Nematodes	14.61	0	100	Mullaimaran et al. (2022)
	–	Melon	Nematodes	–	0	100
Unsolarizd	–	Tomato	Nematodes	20.37	100	–
	–	Melon	Nematodes	–	100	–
Solarized	2, 3, 4	Guava	Fusarium wilt	–	40, 38, 42	60, 62, 58	Dwivedi and Dwivedi (2020)
Unsolarizd	–	Guava	Fusarium wilt	–	46	54
Solorized	4	Cabbage	Fungi	17387	–	62.7	Neamatallah (2018)
Unsolarizd	–	Cabbage	Fungi	46631	–	–
Solarized	4	Onion	Blight bacteria	–	50	5.66	Sharat et al. (2018)
Unsolarizd	–	Onion	Blight bacteria	–	53	–
Solorized	4	egg plant	Root knot	3.2	–	39.6	Shutt et al. (2021)
Unsolarizd	–	Egg plant	Rootknot	5.3	–	–
Solarized	4,5	Egg plant	Nematode	3.5, 16	–	30.1
Unsolarizd	–	Egg plant	Nematode	5.01	–	–

Pop. No. = numbers of pathogen populations, DME = diseases management of efficacy of solarization (%).

The negative sign (-) indicated increment of soil seed bank from the previous season, dash (-) indicates no data recorded.

Table 4. Effect of soil solarization on weed density (m^-2), biomass (gm^-2) and soil seed bank depletion (%).

Treatments	Duration (weeks)	Crop	Weed type	Weed density	Biomass	Seed bank depletion	Reference
Solarized	–	All type	All type	–	–	95.5	Pereira et al. (2023)
Unsolarizd	–	All type	All type	–	–	−7.59
Solarized	4	Onion	All type	85	–	90	Gill et al. (2017); Setyowati et al. (2017)
Unsolarizd	–	Onion	All type	166	90	10
Solarized	4, 6, 8	Mooth	Acacia saligna	–	1.5,0.5,0.025	80,40 & 40	Cohen et al. (2019); Jagtap et al. (2022)
Unsolarizd	–	Mooth	Acacia saligna	–	2.6	−10
Solarized	3	Tomato	Orbanche	1.67	11.67	78	Wolie et al. (2023)
Unsolarizd	–	Tomato	Orbanche spp.	37.3	32.33	−10
Solarized	2, 3, 4, 6, 8	Tomato	Orbanche spp.	41, 46, 35, 12, 26	–	21,37,53, 68, 84	Golzardi et al. (2015)
Unsolarizd		Tomato	Orbanche spp.	114.5		−32
Solarized	3, 6, 9	Carrot	All type	861, 553, 314	245, 195, 127		Muthumanickam and Anburani (2019)
Unsolarizd		Carrot	All type	1057	316	–
Solarized	1, 2, 3	Tomato	Orbanche spp.	–	–	97.7	Mauro et al. (2015)
Unsolarizd	–	Tomato	Orbanche spp.	–	–	−2.2
Solarized	2, 3, 4	Cumin	All type	37,24,16	8,6,3	90
Unsolarizd	–	Cumin	All type	55	21	−10	Meena et al. (2019)

Table 6. Effect of soil solarization on crop yield (t.ha) and economic profitability (US$) over unsolarized plots.

Crop type	Solarized	Unsolarizd	Advantage	Country	SP kg^-1	EA ha^-1	Reference
Strawberry	14	6.5	7.5	Egypt	0.032	240	Abd-Elgawad et al. (2019)
Lettuce	21.4	11.6	9.8	Saudi Arabia	0.68	6664	Al-Solaimani et al. (2015)
Cucumber	82.8	57.3	25.5	Iran	0.27	6885	Fatemy (2019)
Artickoke	53.23	45.74	7.49	Spain	6.69	50108.1	Guerrero et al. (2019)
Strawberry	68.035	55.75	12.28	Spain	1.06	1484	De los Santos et al. (2021)
Lettuce	46.9	35.5	11.4	Italy	1.06	12084	Öz (2023)
Tomato	31.17	8.07	23.1	Ethiopia	0.018	415.8	Wolie et al. (2023)
Onion	10.6	7.8	2.8	Ethiopia	0.018	50.4	Gebretsadkan et al. (2020)
Cabbage	1.144	0.904	0.24	Saudi Arabia	0.27	64.8	Hamooh and Alsolaimani (2014)
Eggplant	9.5	5.7	3.8	Saudi Arabia	0.27	1026	Hamooh and Alsolaimani (2014)
Soya bean	3.7	2.1	1.6	Japan	0.057	91.2	Kader et al. (2020)
Okra	4.5	2.8	1.7	China	1.2	2040	Jagtap et al. (2022)
Tomato	47.06	36.73	10.33	India	0.012	123.96	Kumar et al. (2023)
Cabbage	19.9	14.3	5.6	India	0.3	1680	Kumar et al. (2023)
Cauliflower	25.02	18.58	6.44	India	0.27	1738.8	Kumar et al. (2023)
Chili	19.71	16.79	2.92	India	0.27	788.4	Kumar et al. (2023)
Cabbage	87	80	7	China	1.6	10560	Zhang et al. (2023)
Sesame	1.68	1.18	0.5	Iran	0.024	12	Madandoust and Ranjbar (2017)
Cumin	1.79	1.24	0.55	India	0.12	66	Meena et al. (2019)
Kale	8.1	5	3.1	Georgia	5.95	18445	Ney et al. (2019)
Chill	46.38	11.46	34.92	Indonesia	0.065	2269.8	Purnamasari and Dianawati (2022)
Sesame	0.57	0.43	0.08	Pakistan	0.35	28	Safdar et al. (2021)
Tomato	31.2	8.06	23.14	Ethiopia	0.018	416.52	Wolie et al. (2023)
Onion	29.07	23.33	5.74	United States	4	22960	Sharat et al. (2018)
Eggplant	19	11	8	Nigeria	0.013	104	Shutt et al. (2021)
Pepper	71.4	58.9	12.5	Egypt	0.032	400	Zayed et al. (2013)
Tomato	3.4	1.6	1.8	Ethiopia	0.018	32.4	Tewodros et al. (2016)
Average	46.81	29.07	17.42		0.913	5363.91

SP: Selling price (US$ kg^-1); EA: economic advantage over unsolarized plots (US$ ha^-1).

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