Drivers of female farmers’ adoption of improved bread wheat varieties in Emba Alaje district, Northern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of study area (Amba Alaje district).

Source: DLAO. (2019).

Table 1. Proportional sample distribution for each Kebele.

Name of Kebeles	Total household	Total sample
Atsella	326	56
Sesat	318	54
Ayba	343	59
Total	987	169

Source; own summary from kebele data source (2019).

Table 2. The summary of the variables and their expected relationship.

Independent variables	Nature of variables	Measurement of variable	Expected sign
Age of female farmers	Continuous	Years	-ve
Education status	Categorical	1 = Illiterate 2 = write and read 3 = primary 4 = secondary and 5 = collage	+ve
Total family size	Continuous	Number	+ve
Size of farmland	Continuous	Number (hectare)	+ve
Farming experience	Continuous	Years	+ve
Number of Oxen	Continuous	Number	+ve
Member to cooperatives	Dummy	1 = yes, 0 = No	+ve
Access to credit	Dummy	1 = yes, 0 = No	+/-ve
Farm distance to market	Continuous	Walking hours	-ve
Contact to DÀs	Dummy	1 = yes, 0 = No	+ve
Access to training	Dummy	1 = yes, 0 = No	+ve
Off-farm activity participation	Dummy	1 = yes, 0 = No	-/+ve
Neighbor adoption status	Dummy	1 = yes, 0 = No	+ ve

Source: own survey (2019).

Table 3. Summary of t-test statistics for continuous explanatory variables.

Variables	Adopter (73)	Non-adopter (96)	Mean diff	St. Err	t-value
	Mean	Mean
Age	43.8	45.01	−1.21	1.629	−0.6
Annual income	42497.2	31155.2	11342	2408.5	4.7***
Family size	4.84	3.54	1.3	.201	6.35***
Farm land size	0.59	0.32	0.27	.077	3.5**
Number oxen	3.01	2.03	0.98	.141	6.95***
Farming experience	16.61	13.60	3.01	.792	3.8**
Distance to input market	1.80	1.89	−0.09	.093	−0.9

***, **, * represent significant at 1%, 5% and 10% significant level, respectively.

Source: Computed from own survey data, (2019).

Table 4. Statistical summary of chi-square test for categorical explanatory variables.

Variables	Categories	Adopter (N = 73)		Non-adopter (96)		Total samples (N = 169)		x^2-test
		N	%	N	%	N	%
Extension Contact	No	25	34.2	74	77.0	99	58.5	31.36**
	Yes	48	65.7	22	22.9	70	41.4
Training access	No	5	5.7	83	86.4	94	55.6	85.61***
	Yes	69	94.2	13	13.5	75	44.3
Credit access	No	22	30.1	51	53.1	73	43.2	8.93***
	Yes	51	69.8	45	46.8	96	56.8
Membership in cooperatives	No	9	12.3	85	88.5	94	55.6	97.57***
	Yes	64	87.6	11	11.4	5	44.3
Adoption status of neighbors	No	20	27.4	75	78.1	95	56.2	43.35*
	Yes	53	72.6	21	21.8	74	43.8
Off farm Activities	No	23	31.5	41	42.7	64	37.8	2.21
	Yes	50	68.4	55	57.3	105	62.1
Educational level	Illiterate	11	15	44	45.8	55	32.5
	Read and write	10	13.7	22	22.9	32	18.9	32.46***
	Primary school	21	28.7	18	18.7	38	22.5
	Secondary	24	32.8	12	12.5	37	21.9
	Collage	7	9.59			7	4.1

***, **, * represent significant at 1% 5% 10% significant level, respectively.

Source: Computed from own survey data, (2019).

Table 5. Result of binary probit for adoption of bread wheat varieties by female farmers.

Variables	Coefficient	Robust	St. Err	Z p-value	Marginal effect
Household size	0.321	.16	2.010	0.044	0.119**
Age	−0.053	.02	−2.540	0.01	−0.019***
Educational level	0.393	.174	2.250	0.024	0.145**
Farm land size	−0.312	.691	−0.460	0.652	−0.115
Oxen ownership	0.635	.295	2.150	0.031	0.234**
Annul income	0.781	0.674	−0.210	0.837	−0.013
Farm experience	0.012	.037	0.320	0.748	0.004
Cooperative member	1.745	.505	4.260	0.001	0.597***
Neighbor adoption	0.559	.496	1.130	0.26	0.207
Credit access	1.025	.493	2.360	0.038	0.355**
Training access	1.515	.515	3.470	0.003	0.530***
Distance to input market	−0.214	.401	−0.530	0.593	−0.079
Contact to DA	−0.085	.407	−0.210	0.834	−0.031
off farm activities	0.481	.422	1.220	0.255	0.172
Constant	−3.971	1.444	−2.75	0.006
Mean dependent var 0.432 SD dependent var 0.497 Pseudo r-squared 0.713 Number of obs 169 Chi-square 164.837 Prob > chi2 0.000 Akaike crit. (AIC) 96.307 Bayesian crit. (BIC) 143.255

*** p < .01.

** p < .05.

* p < .1.

Note: *=10%, **=5% and ***=1% significance level.

Source: Model output from sample survey (2019).

DLAO. (2019). District lad administration office, GIS map service of Emba-Alaji District, Tigray, Ethiopia.

 Google Scholar