Drivers of climate-smart agricultural technology uptake among smallholder coffee farmers in Kalehe Territory, Democratic Republic of Congo

Figures & data

Figure 1. Trend in coffee production in DRC.

Source: FAOSTAT data (2023).

Table 1. Description of exogenous variables in Equation (9) and their expected signs.

Variable	Description	Measurement	Expected sign
Age	Age of the head of farm household	Continuous	+/−
Gender	Gender of the head of the farm household	Dummy 1 = Male 0= Female	+
Education	Education of the head of the farm household	Number of years education completed	+
Farmlab	Number of family labour in a household	Number of family labour	+/−
Nonfarmincome	Non-farm income	Amount earned from household’s non-farm activities	+
Extserv	Number of extensions visits over 1 year	Continuous	+
Credit	Access to credit over 1 year	Dummy 1= access to credit 0= otherwise	+
Farmsize	Farm size owed in hectares	Continuous	+
InputDist	Distance to input market	Distance in Km	–
Ease of use	Perceived ease of use	Dummy	+
Location	Village	1= Bulenga 2= Butumba 3= Kitembo 4= Muhanga	+

Figure 2. A map of DRC showing the location of Kalehe Territory in South Kivu Province.

Source: Author.

Table 2. Summary statistics of socio-demographic characteristics of CSAT adopters and non-adopters in Kalehe Territory, DRC.

	Adopters	Non-adopters	Overall	2-tailed t-test
Variable	n= 375	n= 67	n= 442
Means
Age of household head (Years)	46.1 (14.5)	44.8 (14.0)	45.8 (14.4)	1.2
Experience (Years)	23.5 (15.3)	25.1 (14.5)	23.7 (15.2)	1.6
Schooling of household (Years)	6.0 (4.1)	4.8 (4.5)	5.8 (4.1)	1.1**
Household size (Number)	6.9 (2.8)	6.3 (2.7)	6.8 (2.7)	0.5*
Family labor (Number)	3.2 (1.6)	2.6 (1.5)	3.1 (1.6)	0.5**
Farm income (US$)	92.9 (52.5)	77.5 (53.4)	90.5 (52.9)	15.4**
Non-farm income (US$)	2.5 (5.3)	4.8 (8.5)	2.8 (6.0)	2.3***
Total annual income (US$)	102.0 (55.2)	80.3 (58.4)	98.7 (56.2)	21.7***
Farm size (Ha)	3.0 (13.6)	2.4 (7.4)	2.9 (12.9)	0.5
Farm transportation (Number)	0.2 (0.8)	0.1 (0.4)	0.1 (0.8)	0.0
Distance to input market (Km)	9.6 (12.0)	8.4 (6.3)	9.4 (11.4)	1.2
Frequencies	Percentage	Percentage	Percentage	χ^2-value
Gender (1 = Male)	12.8	87.2	85.5	5.6**
Group-membership (1 = Yes)	65.3	34.6	33.4	1.5
Access to credit (1 = Yes)	79.7	20.2	21.9	4.0**
Access to subsidy (1 = Yes)	90.9	9.0	9.0	0.0009***
Access to extension services (1 = Yes)	55.4	44.5	42.9	2.4
Bulenga village (1 = Yes)	75.7	24.2	25.3	1.5
Butumba village (1 = Yes)	76.8	23.2	22.4	0.9
Kitembo village (1 = Yes)	74.9	25.0	25.3	0.09
Muhanga village (1 = Yes)	72.5	27.4	26.9	0.3
Awareness (1 = Yes)	58.1		40.2	2.6
Ease-of-use (1 = Yes)	81.0		81.0	0.008***
Usefulness (1 = Yes)	93.8		92.3	8.4
Satisfaction (1 = Yes)	26.1		29.19	11.1

*, **, *** significant at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively. Standard deviations are in parentheses.

Table 3. Factors influencing CSAT adoption among smallholder coffee farmers in Kalehe Territory, DRC.

	CSAT						Selection equation
	Manure (n = 239)		New coffee cultivars (n = 23)		Intercrop & Manure (n = 75)		Awareness (n= 375)
Variable	dy/dx	Z	dy/dx	Z	dy/dx	z	dy/dx	Z
Household characteristics
Age (Years)	0.0003 (0.001)	0.17	0.0006 (0.006)	0.10	0.008 (0.005)	1.46	0.01 (0.004)	2.86***
Gender (1 = Male)	0.06 (0.06)	0.99	0.01 (0.26)	0.07	0.01 (0.19)	0.03	−0.07 (0.18)	−0.39
Schooling of household (Years)	−0.002 (0.006)	−0.35	−0.01 (0.02)	−0.51	0.006 (0.01)	0.38	0.01 (0.01)	1.09
Household size (Number)
Family labour (Number)	−0.006 (0.01)	−0.52	−0.15 (0.08)	−1.80*	0.08 (0.03)	2.35*
Log Non-farm income (US$)	0.07 (0.04)	1.82*	−0.58 (0.12)	−4.65***	0.10 (0.10)	1.02
Institutional characteristics
Access to extension (1 = Yes)	−0.12 (0.06)	−1.96*	0.001 (0.18)	0.01	0.65 (0.14)	4.51***	0.50 (0.12)	3.96***
Access to credit (1 = Yes)	0.11 (0.06)	1.91*	0.18 (0.20)	0.93	−0.11 (0.15)	−0.73
Farm and technology characteristics
Farm size (Ha)	−0.002 (0.001)	−1.36	0.002 (0.004)	0.66	−0.004 (0.003)	−1.17
Distance to input market (Km)	0.001 (0.002)	0.52	0.009 (0.009)	1.05	0.001 (0.002)	0.41
Ease of use (1 = Yes)	0.015(0.07)	0.23	0.10(0.21)	0.48	−0.10(0.15)	−0.69
Location (Villages)
Butumba	−0.11 (0.06)	−1.70*	−0.34 (0.28)	−1.23	0.08 (0.21)	0.41	−0.20 (0.18)	−1.11
Kitembo	−0.04 (0.07)	−0.60	0.21 (0.23)	0.92	−0.18 (0.19)	−0.93	0.18 (0.17)	1.05
Muhanga	0.05 (0.07)	0.70	−0.32 (0.23)	−1.37	−0.01 (0.20)	−0.08	−0.21 (0.17)	−1.22

*, **, *** denote significance at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. Wald Chi² (46) = 148.80***; Log pseudolikelihood = -542.55; n = 442; p = 0.0000. Note: Intercropping and Bulenga Village were used as reference categories.

Table 4. Potential substitutability between the three CSATs used in coffee production in Kalehe Territory, DRC.

CSAT	Manure	New coffee cultivars	Intercropping and manure
Manure	1
New coffee cultivars	−0.63***(0.00)	1
Intercropping and manure	−1.21***(0.00)	0.12(0.25)	1

*, **, ***significant at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Data availability statement

Data will be made available on request.