Plant-based bioactive compounds for grain storage: a comprehensive review

Figures & data

Table 1. Different plants and their products act as insecticide in stored grains.

Type of plant	Product types	Targeted insect/pest	Types of grain	References
Neem kernel and leaves	Powder	R. domincaand, S.oryae, T. Granarium, C. chinensis, and C. maculatus	Wheat, sorghum cowpeas, maize	(Kemabonta & Falodu, 2013)
Dharek kernel	Powder	T. castaneum and R.dominica	–	(Singh, 2017)
Costus root	Powder	T. Granarium	Wheat	(Girish & Jain, 1974; Jilani & Haq, 1984)
Garlic and pine	Oil	T. Castaneum and c. Maculates	Stored grain	(Maia & Moore, 2011)
Daturaalba, calotropis procera, chromol aenaodorata	Powder	R. Dominica	Rice	(Fatope et al., 2008; Patel et al., 1993)
Neem	Oil	R. Dominica, S. Oryzae, T. Castaneum and C. Chinensis	Wheat plus	(Kemabonta & Falodu, 2013)
Eucalyptus, Sarifa, and Lantana	Leaf powder	S. Cereaella	Maize and paddy	(Soujanya et al., 2018; Yadu et al., 2000)
Neem and black pepper	Extracts	R. Dominica	Wheat	(Kemabonta & Falodu, 2013)
Jatropha seed, Mustard	Powder	S. Oryzae	Wheat maize	(Kakde et al., 2014)
Mustard	Oil	S. oryzae R. Dominica	Wheat maize	(Kakde et al., 2014; Reddy et al., 1999)
Castor and Linseed	Oil	C. Chinensis, S. Oryzae R. Dominica C. Maculatus	Pea seed	(Ali & Mohammed, 2013)
Sesame, Sunflower	Oil	T. Granarium and S. Granaries C. Maculatus	Wheat and Sorghum	(Bhargava & Meena, 2002; Saxena & Singh, 1994; Yadav et al., 2008)
Eucalyptus	Oil	S. Oryzae, C. Maculatus	Wheat, pigeon pea	(Kumawat & Naga, 2013; Singh et al., 2017)

Table 2. Different types of spices with their chemical compounds and characteristics.

Type of spices	Parts used	Chemical compound	Characteristics	Reference
Zingiber	Rhizome	Gingerol, gingeberne, α–zingiberene, citral, vitamin C, β carotene, flavonoids and tannins	Mortality of C. chinensis and repellent against T. castaneum	(Hamada et al., 2018, Rizvi et al., 2016)
Garlic	Bulb	Sulphur-containing compounds (allicin, alliin, and ajoene, citral, geraniol, linalool, α phellandrene and β- phellandrene.	Larvicidal against Spodoptera litura, Ovipositional inhibition against Sitotroga cerealella, Ovicidal against Spodoptera littoralis	(Hamada et al., 2018, Rizvi et al., 2016; Plata-Rueda et al., 2017)
Pepper	Fruit	Piperine, piperidine, piperettine, β- pinene and α-pinene and β-caryophyllene, linalool oxide and α-terpineol	Larvicidal against S. oryzae, Corcyra cephalonica, acaricidal and larvicidal against T. castaneum	(Elgayyar et al., 2001; Khani et al., 2012; Upadhyay & Jaiswal, 2007)
Nutmeg	Seed	Sabinene (32.1), myristicene (2.6%), α-Pinene (13.6%), β-Pinene (12.9%) and terpinen-4-ol.	Larvicidal against second stage larvae of Toxocara canis, inhibits oviposition and adult emergence against C. maculatus, Mortality against S. oryzae adults.	(Kalpana & Sumithra, 2013; Parthasarathy et al., 2008)
Turmeric	Rhizome	Curcumene 5%, curcuminoids, turmerone, zingiberene and cineole.	Adulticide against T. castaneum and S. Zeamais and other storage pest, Contact and fumigant toxicity against R. dominica, S. oryzae and T.castaneum adult weevils, Repellent against T. castaneum	(Gangwar & Tiwari, 2017, Mallavarapu et al., 1995; Wagner et al., 2016)
Caraway	Fruit & Seed	(R)-Carvone (37.9%), D-limonene (26.5%), α-pinene (5.2%) and cis-carveol (5.0%).	Antitermitic activity against Reticulitermes speratus, Contact toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults, adulticidal activity against S. oryzae and T. castaneum, ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal against C. maculatus, nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne javanica	(Fang et al., 2010; Sahaf et al., 2007)
Clove	Flower and bud	Eugenol (49–87%), β-caryophyllene (4–21%), eugenyl acetate (0.5–21%), methyl eugenol, flavonoids, galloyltannins, phenolic acids and triterpenes.	Fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais and eggs of T. castaneum, S. oryzae	(Elgayyar et al., 2001; Hamada et al., 2018)
Coriander	Seed and leaf	Linalool (57.1%), trans-anethol (19.8%), c-terpinene (3.8%) and geranyl acetate (3.2%).	Larvicidal against T. confusum and C. maculatus, contact toxicity on Diaphorina citri adults, larvicidal against Culex quinquefasciatus, Fumigant activity against S. oryzae adults, C. chinensis	(Knio et al., 2008; Mann et al., 2012; Zoubiri & Baaliouamer, 2014)
Cumin	Fruit	Caryophyllene oxide (6.1%), α-pinene (4.8%), geranyl acetate (4.1%) and âcaryophyllene (3.4%).	Fumigant toxicity against C. maculatus adults, inhibits the growth and fecundity potential of Bactrocera zonata	(Abdul et al., 2011; Farooqui et al., 2005)
Star anise	Dried fruit	Trans-Anethole (94.05%), Limonene (1.74%), Estragole (1.45%), α-trans-Bergamotene (0.72%) and Linalool (0.31 %)	Effective control against adults and eggs of T. Castaneum and suppressed F1 progeny production.	(Farooqui et al., 2005; Ho, 1995)

Table 3. Different botanical bioactive compounds from different plant source with their modes of action.

Types of bioactive	Source/plant	Mode of action	Toxicity	Reference
A-Pinene and bornyl acetate	Aziliaeryngioides (Pau)	Fumigation	Sitophilus granaries (L.) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)	(Ebadollah & Mahboubi, 2011)
Azadirachtin	Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)	Repellent, antifeedant, nematicidal, sterilant, antifungal, growth regulator	Stored grain pests, aphids	(Morgan, 2009)
Z-asarone	Acorus gramineus (Ogon	Contact	Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch)	(Yingjuan et al., 2008)
Linalool	Ocimum canum (Sim	Antifungal, Repellent	Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus)	(Germinara et al., 2017)
Eugenol	Ocimum basilicum (Labiatae)	Fumigation or repellent	Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus analis Fabriciuss) and Housefly (Musca domestic	(Mishra et al., 2012)
Carvacrol	Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don (Pinacea)	Insecticidal	Pulse beetle (Callosobruchus analis.) and Housefly (Musca domestica)	(Park et al., 2003)
(+)-Limonene, myrcene α-phellandrene, α-pinene, bornyl acetate	Chamaecyparis obtuse (Endl.)	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus) Callosobruchuschinensis (L.)	(Park et al., 2003)
Flavonoids, rotenone isoflavonoids, chalcones, terpenoids Tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and alkaloids	Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.)	Contact	Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch)	(Hiruy & Getu, 2018)
1–8-Cineole	Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus Labiil)	Repellent	Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus)	(Gharsan et al., 2018)
Estragole, (+) fenchone and (E)-anethole	Foeniculum vulgare (Mill)	Contact and fumigation	Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), Callosobruchus chinensis (L.), and Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) Sitophilus	(Kim & Ahn, 2001)
Carvone chemotypes LA-13 and LA	Lippia alba (Mill) Lonchocarpus	Contact/and repellent	Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)	(Rajashekar et al., 2012)
Rotenone	Lonchocarpus sp.	Contact/fumigation and repellent	Sitophilus oryzae (L.)	(Bezabih et al., 2022)
Camphor	kilimandscharicum	Repellent	Sitophilus oryzae (L.)	(Jayakumar et al., 2017)
Rotenoids	Tephrosia vogelii	Contact	Sitophilus zeamais	(Koona et al., 2007)
β-Caryophyllene α-humulene cis-Caryophyllene	Lantana camara (L.)	Contact/fumigation and repellent	Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.) Sitophilus granarius Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius)	(Zandi-Sohani et al., 2012)

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Data availability statement

No data was used for this review paper.