Assessing determinants of scaling up pathways for adopted CSA Climate Smart Agricultural practices: Evidence from Climate Smart Villages in Nyando Basin, Kenya

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location of the study Site. Source: Climate Change Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), site of Nyando/KatukuOdeyo, Kenya, in Sijmons et al. (2013).

Table 1. Descriptive statistics of variables used in the Logit regression model.

Variable	Code	Description	Measurement	Expected sign
Dependent variable
Type of Household	Typhh	Dummy	CSA participation = 1 Non-CSA participation = 0	+/−
Independent variables
Household characteristics
Education level	Edu	Continuous	Number	+
Household size	Hsze	Continuous	Number	+
Off-farm income	Offinc	Continuous	Ksh.	+
CSA farm incomes	CSAinc	Continuous	Ksh.	+
Farm level economic issues
Household CSA budget		Continuous	Ksh.	+
Husband income		Continuous	Ksh.	+
Institutional
Credit access	CSAinvst	Continuous	Number	+
Group membership	Grp	Dummy	Yes = 1/No = 0	+/−
Husband’s saving	Hs	Continuous	Ksh.	+/−
Wife’s saving	Ws	Continuous	Ksh.	+
Distance to market	Dis	Continuous	Km	+

Note. *1Dollar fluctuated between Ksh.105 and 115. This was the exchange rate during the Survey period (2019–2020).

Figure 2. Shocks experienced (%) by Respondents. Source: Baseline Survey data, (2018–2019).

Figure 3. (a–e) Engel curves on wife and husband household expenditure ratios. Source: Author (2020).

Table 2. ‘t-test’ Results on demographics in CSVs and NON-CSVs by respondents.

Variable	Adopters (n = 90) Mean	Non-Adopters (n = 32) Mean	p-Value	Difference
Age	54	53	0.345	1.0
Off-farm occupation (% of households with off-farm jobs)	39	41	0.035**	0.02
Saving decision (proportion of persons who saved)	70	50	0.048**	20
Access to credit	62	51	0.932	11.0

Standard errors in parentheses **p < 0.05 Source: Field Survey Data, 2020.

Table 3. Education level of respondents affecting CSA adoption rates of respondents.

Education level of the household head	HH head (proportions) n = 122	Spouse (proportions) n = 122
No formal education	8.20	7.14
Primary complete	27.87	26.53
Secondary complete	13.11	9.18
Tertiary/university complete	9.02	4.08

Source. Baseline data (2018).

Table 4. Distance to various markets.

Variable (Kms)	Adopters (n = 90) Mean	Non-adopters (n = 32) Mean	Difference
Distance to motorable road	0.59	0.75	0.16
Distance to food market	2.96	3.28	0.32
Distance to livestock market	8.79	8.98	0.19

Source: Baseline Survey, (2019).

Table 5. Binary Regression model results on determinants of CSA adoption/dis-adoption.

Variables	Coef	Std. Err	t	p>|t|	[95% Conf. Interval]
CSA adopt	−.0163915	.0483003	−0.34	0.735	−.1124254	.0796424
Husband log_income	−.2279732	.0239473	−9.52	0.000***	−.275587	−.1803595
Household log expenditure	.2403621	.0287422	8.36	0.000***	.1832149	.2975094
Access to credit	.0382828	.0471155	0.81	0.419	−.0553954	.131961
Group membership	−.0268202	.0196859	−1.36	0.177	−.065961	.0123206
Household size	.0189174	.0092631	2.04	0.044**	.0004999	.0373348
Husband_savings	−.0908123	.0495008	−1.83	0.070*	−.1892331	.0076085
wife_saving	.10779	.0468185	2.30	0.024**	.0147022	.2008777
off_farm incomes	.0091083	.0449677	0.20	0.840	−.0802996	.0985162
CSA farm incomes	1.56601	.3266709	4.79	0.000***	.9257374	2.206264
_cons	−.0857415	.2546288	−0.34	0.737	−.5920117	.4205287

* P < 0.01; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.

Source: Survey data (2019–2020).

Table 6. Access to extension services (% of respondents).

Adopters (n = 90) Percentage	Non- adopters (n = 32) Percentage	Difference
69	57	22**

Table 7. Group membership of respondents.

	Household head (Membership %)	Spouse (wife) (membership %)
Group membership	46.36	50.00
Group type
Women group	15.69	29.09
Men group	1.96	0
Youth group	0	0
Elderly group	0	0
Disabled persons group	0	0
Mixed group	82.35	70.91

Source: Survey data (2019–2020).

Figure 4. Group affiliation to larger organizations by respondents.

Figure 5. Value chain Map of farm produce in Nyando basin. Source: Field Observations, (2018–19).

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2013). Climate-smart agriculture sourcebook. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf

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