Effectiveness of botanical pesticide combined with Beauveria bassiana on mortality, nutritional index and fecundity of Spodoptera litura L.

Figures & data

Table 1. Category of combination extract interaction.

Combination index value range	Characteristics of combination interaction
<0.1	Very strong synergist
0.1–0.3	Strong synergist
0.3–0.7	Synergistic
0.7–0.85	Moderate synergistic
0.85–0.9	Low synergistic
0.9–1.1	Additive
1.1–1.2	Low antagonist
1.2–1.45	Medium antagonist
1.45–3.3	Antagonist
3.3–10	Very antagonist
>10	Very strong antagonist

Source: (Chou, 2006).

Figure 1. Mortality of S. litura (%) at various levels of concentration treatments as follows (a) Plant-based pesticides; (b) B. bassiana; (c) Plant-based + B. bassiana; (d) Avermectin.

Table 2. Probit regression of the toxicity of plant-based pest, B. bassiana and its mixture based on the development al stage of S. litura.

Treatment	Instar	Day	b + SE	LC50	SK95% (Confindential Interval)	LC95	SK 95%
Plant-based pesticide (PN)	II-III	4	2.05 ± 1.65	2.372	0.397-25542.0	5.226	6.15-146.1
	II-IV	7	1.83 ± 1.49	2.051	0.387-20806.0	3.224	4.27-18.99
	II-V	11	0.88 ± 0.93	1.925	0.296-4667.8	3.058	4.17-16.67
	II-V1	13	0.55 ± 0.81	1.348	0.184-4537.0	2.756	4.1-12.37
B. bassiana (BB)	II-III	4	0.37 ± 0.56	27.922	4.148-2805.1	3.927	1.92-17.51
	II-IV	7	0.19 ± 0.46	8.254	0.927-5583.0	4.096	1.84-16.35
	II-V	11	0.19 ± 0.63	6.214	0.215-3512.4	4.195	1.67-13.9
	II-VI	13	0.57 ± 0.68	6.214	0.206-3342.1	4.783	1.65-11.47
Plant-based pesticide + B.bassiana (PN + BB)	II-III	4	1.22 ± 4.57	1.415	0.189-4667.8	2.527	1.05-23790.4
	II-IV	7	0.82 ± 3.8	1.131	0.1657-2554.7	1.286	0.78-21661.2
	II-V	11	0.13 ± 2.55	0.98	0.115-24.07	1.082	0.295-21661.05
	II-VI	13	0.13 ± 2.13	0.054	0.067-10.9	1.082	0.26-11.02

Table 3. Effect of plant-based pesticide, B. bassiana and its mixture on consumption rate, and growth rate.

Treatment	Concentration	RCR (x ± SD) (%)	RGR (x ±SD) (%)
B. bassiana	0.1	18.98985 ± 0.642 a	2.205 ± 0.172 b
	0.25	11.34455 ± 3.782 bc	1.087 ± 0.598 bc
	0.5	6.24082 ± 0.757 cd	0.459 ± 0.153 c
	0.75	2.06292 ± 1.917 d	0.904 ± 0.114 c
	1	2.00546 ± 1.245 d	0.002 ± 0.0004 c
Plant-based pesticide	10	4.22376 ± 2.419 d	0.348 ± 0.235 b
	25	3.91935 ± 0.811 d	0.368 ± 0.117 b
	50	3.05605 ± 0.531 d	0.224 ± 0.031 b
	75	2.17772 ± 1.906 d	0.256 ± 0.230 b
	100	1.829 ± 0.882 d	0.179 ± 0.214 b
LC50 Plant-based pesticide + B.bassiana	34% + 0.1 gr	4.05345 ± 1.942 d	0.497 ± 0.002 b
	34%+ 0.25 gr	3.072275 ± 1.062 d	0.194 ± 0.201 b
	34% + 0.5 gr	1.94051 ± 1.394 d	0.078 ± 0.113 b
	34% + 0.75 gr	1.94897 ± 0.953 d	0.401 ± 0.187 b
	34% + 1 gr	1.87825 ± 1.533 d	0.040 ± 0.05 b
Control	0	14.86575 ± 3.395 ab	4.137 ± 1.328 a
Avermectin	0.10%	1.99510 ± 0.924 d	0.000 ± 0.000

Figure 2. Comparing RCR and RGR indices of S. litura after feeding on various concentrations of plant-based pesticide, B. bassiana and its mixture.

Figure 3. Effect of plant-based pesticide, B. bassiana and their mixture on morphological changes of S. litura. (a) Morphological changes in the mixed treatment of plant-based pesticide + B.bassiana. (b) morphological changes in B.bassiana treatment. (c) morphological changes in plant-based pesticide treatment.

Table 4. Effect of several treatments, plant-based pesticide, B. bassiana and their mixture on S. litura fecundity.

Treatment	Concentration	Longevity + SD (day)		Total eggs in cages + SD (item)
		Female	Male
B.bassiana (BB)	0.1	7.7 ± 3.83	8.5 ± 4.02	173 ± 104.83
	0.25	7.5 ± 3.75	8 ± 4.50	27 ± 13.50
	0.5	7.5 ± 3.75	8.5 ± 4.25	313 ± 188.65
	0.75	7.3 ± 3.65	8 ± 4.50	383 ± 242.83
	1	6.3 ± 3.15	8 ± 4.02	205 ± 102.50
Plant-based pesticide (PN)	10	6.5 ± 3.25	8 ± 4.0	89 ± 44.50
	25	6 ± 3	8 ± 4.0	77 ± 38.50
	50	6 ± 3.15	7 ± 4.5	20 ± 10
	75	0	0	0
	100	0	0	0
Plant-based pesticide + B.bassiana (PN + BB)	34%PN +0.1BB	6 ± 3.0	7 ± 3.5	23 ± 11.5
	34%PN +0.25BB	6 ± 3.0	0	0
	34%PN +0.5BB	0	0	0
	34%PN +0.75BB	6.5 ± 3.0	0	0
	34%PN +1BB	0	0	0
Control		8.8 ± 4.4	11 ± 5.5	1068 ± 534.0
Avermectin	0.10%	0	0	0

Table 5. Activity characteristics of plant-based pesticide, B. bassiana, and their mixture against S. litura larvae.

Treatments	DAT	Combination index		Character of interactions
Plant-based pesticide + B. bassiana (PN + BB)		LC50	LC95	LC50	LC95
	4	0.863	0.432	Moderate synergistic	Synergistic
	7	0.318	0.272	Synergistic	Strong synergistic
	11	0.321	0.269	Synergistic	Strong synergistic
	13	0.135	0.018	Strong synergistic	Very strong synergistic

Chou, T.-C. (2004). Theoretical basis, experimental design, and computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies. Pharmacological Reviews, 58(3), 621–681.

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Data availability statement

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials.