Greenhouse gas emissions from riparian systems as affected by hydrological extremes: a mini-review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Selected articles on soil greenhouse gas emissions from riparian systems between 1990 and 2022 from the Web of Science and Scopus databases.

Table 1. Oxidation-reduction reactions and associated optimum redox potential values (adapted from Zhang & Furman, 2021), and optimum soil physicochemical properties (pH, water-filled pore space) contribute to the greenhouse gas (CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄) emissions from soil.

Reactions	Process	pH	WFPS%	Eh (mV) at 25 °C and pH = 7
$\begin{array}{c}{\text{CH}}_{2}O(\text{organic compound})+O_2\to {\text{CO}}_2+H_{2}O\\ \left\{\begin{array}{c}{O}_2(g)+4H_2^{+}+4e^{-}\to 2H_{2}O\\ {\text{CH}}_{2}O+H_{2}O={\text{CO}}_2(g)+4H^{+}+4e^{-}\end{array}\right.\end{array}$	Aerobic respiration	7^a	20–60^b	n.a 811 -484
$\begin{array}{c}{\text{NH}}_3\to {\text{NH}}_2\text{OH}/\text{HNO}\to {\text{NO}}_2^{-}\to {\text{NO}}_3^{-}\\ \left\{\begin{array}{c}{O}_2(g)+4H_2^{+}+4e^{-}\to 2H_{2}O\\ {\text{NH}}_4^{+}+3H_{2}O={\text{NO}}_3^{-}+10H^{+}+8e^{-}\end{array}\right.\end{array}$	Nitrification	7–9^c	30–70^d	811 811 363
$\begin{array}{c}{\text{NO}}_3^{-}\to {\text{NO}}_2^{-}\to \text{NO}\to N_{2}O\to N_2\\ \left\{\begin{array}{c}2{\text{NO}}_3^{-}+12H^{+}+10e^{-}=N_2(g)+6H_{2}O\\ {\text{CH}}_{2}O+H_{2}O={\text{CO}}_2(g)+4H^{+}+4e^{-}\\ {\text{NH}}_3\to {\text{NH}}_2\text{OH}\to {\text{NO}}_2^{-}\to \text{NO}\to N_{2}O\end{array}\right.\end{array}$	Heterotrophic denitrification	∼6–7^a	70–95^e	746 n.a.
$4{\text{Fe}}^{2+}+2{\text{NO}}_2^{-}+5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}\to 4\text{FeOOH}+{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}+6{\mathrm{H}}^{+}$	Nitrifier denitrification Chemodenitrification	<5^f	n.a.	n.a.
$\left\{\begin{array}{c}{\text{CO}}_2(g)+8H^{+}+8e^{-}\to {\text{CH}}_4(g)+2H_{2}O\\ {\text{CH}}_{2}O+H_{2}O={\text{CO}}_2(g)+4H^{+}+4e^{-}\end{array}\right.$	Methane fermentation	∼7^g	95–100^h	−244 -484
$\begin{array}{c}{\text{NH}}_2\text{OH}+{\text{HNO}}_2\to N_{2}O+2H_{2}O\\ 4{\text{Fe}}^{3+}+2{\text{NH}}_2\text{OH}\to 4{\text{Fe}}^{2+}+N_{2}O+H_{2}O+4H^{+}\end{array}$	Reactions involving hydroxylamine	<5^a	n.a.	n.a.

n.a., not available; Left braces group the combination of oxidation-reduction reactions.

^a Zhang and Furman (2021).

^b Schaufler et al. (2010).

^c Heil et al. (2016).

^d Oertel et al. (2016)

^e Säurich et al. (2019).

^f Hu et al. (2015).

^g Wang et al. (1993).

^h Moore et al. (2017) and Thiel et al. (2017).

Figure 2. Mean greenhouse gas emissions from soils under different climate and hydrological conditions (A); and mean soil emissions (all climates) under dry-wet conditions (B). Bar charts are standard errors. Bars (±SE) followed different letters in each hydrological condition, showing significant differences at p < 0.05. In this study, soil greenhouse gas emissions during the dry season and after flooding events/from saturated soils are considered dry and wet soil emissions, respectively. Source: Altor and Mitsch (2006); Hernandez and Mitsch (2006); McLain and Martens (2006); Hinshaw and Dahlgren (2016); Audet et al. (2013); Kachenchart et al. (2012); Lopes de Gerenyu et al. (2011) (2015); Batson et al. (2015); Jacinthe et al. (2015); Mander et al. (2015); Vidon et al. (2017); Vidon et al. (2016); Jacinthe and Vidon (2017); Gebremichael et al. (2017); Poblador et al. (2017); Smith et al. (2017); Kaiser et al. (2018); Kandel et al. (2019); Mafa-Attoye et al. (2020); Schindler et al. (2020); Liu et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2021); Mander et al. (2022); Zhang et al. (2022).

Table 2. Mean environmental properties in the reviewed riparian systems.

		Total Organic C	Total N	Dissolved organic C	NO3^-	NH4^+	Soil temperature	Air temperature	Precipitation
Climate	C:N	g kg^-1	g kg^-1	mg kg^-1	mg kg^-1	mg kg^-1	°C	°C	mm	pH
Mediterranean	14:1	3.64	0.3	265.7	13.2	10.05	19.5	13.05	445	6.5
Temperate	10:1	87.94	n.a.	14.3	14.4	20.1	15	8.8	600	6.7
Tropical /subtropical	13.2	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.	27	26.3	823	6.2

n.a., not available.

Source: Altor and Mitsch (2006); Hernandez and Mitsch (2006); McLain and Martens (2006); Hinshaw and Dahlgren (2016); Audet et al. (2013); Kachenchart et al. (2012); Batson et al. (2015); Jacinthe et al. (2015); Mander et al. (2015); Vidon et al. (2017); Vidon et al. (2016); Jacinthe and Vidon (2017); Gebremichael et al. (2017); Poblador et al. (2017); Smith et al. (2017); Kaiser et al. (2018); Kandel et al. (2019); Mafa-Attoye et al. (2020); Schindler et al. (2020); Liu et al. (2021); Wang et al. (2021); Mander et al. (2022); Zhang et al. (2022).

Figure 3. Soil CO₂ eq of CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄ from riparian systems under dry and wet soil conditions. Soil greenhouse gas emissions during the dry season and after flooding events/from wet soils are considered dry and wet soil emissions, respectively.

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [Jamshid Ansari], upon reasonable request.